Table 1.
Factor Loadings of the Three Models
| Correlated traits |
Bifactor Big Everything longitudinal |
Bifactor Big Everything cross-sectional |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicator | GFPP | GFP | p | CF | Big E | GFPP | GFP | p | CF | Big E | GFPP | GFP | p | CF |
| Paranoid | 0.64 | 0.45 | 0.77 | 0.51 | 0.51 | |||||||||
| Schizoid | 0.47 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.30 | 0.43 | |||||||||
| Schizotypal | 0.78 | 0.59 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.52 | |||||||||
| Avoidant | 0.59 | 0.45 | 0.36 | 0.49 | 0.31 | |||||||||
| Dependent | 0.41 | 0.28 | 0.41 | 0.34 | 0.36 | |||||||||
| Obsessive-compulsive PD | 0.54 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.42 | |||||||||
| Antisocial | 0.72 | 0.60 | 0.26 | 0.55 | 0.34 | |||||||||
| Borderline | 0.85 | 0.72 | 0.24 | 0.71 | 0.28 | |||||||||
| Histrionic | 0.53 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.44 | |||||||||
| Narcissistic | 0.67 | 0.47 | 0.57 | 0.46 | 0.63 | |||||||||
| Neuroticism | −0.73 | 0.69 | −0.17 | 0.63 | −0.50 | |||||||||
| Extraversion | 0.37 | −0.28 | 0.96 | −0.30 | 0.32 | |||||||||
| Openness | −0.30 | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.28 | 0.31 | |||||||||
| Agreeableness | 0.48 | −0.42 | −0.26 | −0.49 | 0.03 | |||||||||
| Conscientiousness | 0.54 | −0.52 | 0.12 | −0.44 | 0.09 | |||||||||
| Depression | 0.79 | 0.79 | −0.35 | 0.62 | 0.41 | |||||||||
| Anxiety | 0.69 | 0.70 | −0.47 | 0.49 | 0.43 | |||||||||
| Phobia | 0.77 | 0.76 | −0.31 | 0.55 | 0.45 | |||||||||
| Obsessive-compulsive BSI | 0.74 | 0.75 | −0.41 | 0.65 | 0.45 | |||||||||
| Alcohol | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.43 | 0.56 | −0.30 | |||||||||
| Drugs | 0.73 | 0.71 | 0.43 | 0.59 | −0.14 | |||||||||
| Tobacco | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.33 | 0.44 | −0.45 | |||||||||
| ACT English | 0.73 | 0.01 | 0.76 | 0.03 | 0.75 | |||||||||
| ACT Math | 0.68 | 0.00 | 0.69 | 0.02 | 0.69 | |||||||||
| WMQ | 0.59 | 0.03 | 0.59 | 0.05 | 0.59 | |||||||||
| Vocab | 0.71 | 0.03 | 0.70 | 0.11 | 0.70 | |||||||||
| Similarities | 0.43 | −0.06 | 0.42 | −0.04 | 0.42 | |||||||||
| Block design | 0.48 | −0.03 | 0.49 | −0.02 | 0.49 | |||||||||
| CFQ | −0.18 | 0.40 | −0.14 | 0.26 | −0.16 | |||||||||
| Factor intercorrelations for the correlated traits model | ||||||||||||||
| GFPP–GFP: −0.81; GFPP–p: .71; GFPP–CF: 0.07; GFP–CF: −0.08; GFP–p: −0.87; p–CF: −0.12 | ||||||||||||||
Note. GFPP = General Factor of Pathological Personality comprising paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, avoidant, dependent, obsessive–compulsive PD (personality), antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic; GFP = General Factor of Personality comprising agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism and openness; p = General Factor of Psychopathology comprising obsessive-compulsive BSI, anxiety, depression, phobia, alcohol, drugs, and tobacco smoking; CF = Cognitive Functioning factor comprising ACT English, ACT Mathematics, WMQ (working memory), vocabulary, similarities, block design, and CFQ; Big E = Big Everything; PD = personality disorder; BSI = Brief Symptoms Inventory; ACT = American College Test; WMQ = Working Memory Questionnaire; Vocab = vocabulary; CFQ = Cognitive Failures Questionnaire. Bifactor Big Everything cross-sectional factor loadings were obtained from Wave 6 for all constructs except cognitive functioning, which was measured at Wave 1. All bolded estimates are significant at p < .05.