Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Jul 29;26(11):2619–2636. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.07.021

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

PMC Copyright notice

Effect of nasal vaccines on the upper and lower respiratory tract for the generation of mucosal and systemic immunity. (a) Protective immune responses in the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), with the pathogen-mediated reaction resulting mainly from by secretory IgA antibodies generated by mucosal epithelial cells. (b) Humoral immune response in the lower respiratory tract with bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) having humoral as well as mucosal/local immune responses. Abbreviations: CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; DC, dendritic cell; NK, natural killer; TCR, T cell receptor.