TABLE 3.
Associations between risk factors and reduced kidney function (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) evaluated by logistic regression analysis. (Associations between Lifestyle Factors and Reduced Kidney Function in US Older Adults: NHANES 1999-2016).
| Univariate | Multivariate c | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Or (95%CI) | aOR (95% CI) | β ± SE | |
| Survey cycle | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) | 0.41 ± 0.11 |
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years | |||
| 65–74 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 75+ | 2.91 (2.61–3.24) | 2.87 (2.47–3.34) | −6.73 ± 0.56 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 1.35 (1.21–1.51) | 1.25 (0.92–1.69) | −1.37 ± 1.07 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Mexican american | 0.57 (0.48–0.67) | 0.44 (0.33–0.59) | 8.33 ± 0.96 |
| Other hispanic | 0.69 (0.53–0.89) | 0.66 (0.45–0.98) | 3.79 ± 1.28 |
| Non-hispanic white | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Non-hispanic black | 0.84 (0.74–0.96) | 0.51 (0.42–0.62) | 8.24 ± 0.79 |
| Other - including multi-racial | 0.82 (0.64–1.04) | 0.70 (0.50–0.99) | 3.14 ± 1.08 |
| Education level | |||
| Without high school diploma | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| High school diploma | 0.92 (0.80–1.05) | 0.99 (0.85–1.17) | −0.73 ± 0.64 |
| Higher than high school | 0.71 (0.62–0.82) | 0.94 (0.80–1.10) | −0.16 ± 0.65 |
| Unknown/missing | 1.59 (0.52–4.88) | 2.01 (0.64–6.35) | −6.12 ± 4.03 |
| Poverty/income ratio | |||
| <1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1–3 | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | 0.99 (0.82–1.19) | −1.23 ± 0.76 |
| >3 | 0.72 (0.60–0.86) | 1.05 (0.85–1.29) | −1.12 ± 0.65 |
| Unknown/missing | 0.81 (0.65–1.00) | 0.91 (0.73–1.14) | −0.16 ± 0.65 |
| BMI | |||
| Underweight | 0.63 (0.37–1.09) | ||
| Normal | Reference | - | - |
| Overweight | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | ||
| Obesity | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) | ||
| Unknown/missing | 1.91 (1.44–2.54) | ||
| Lifestyle | |||
| Physical activity | |||
| Inactive | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Insufficiently active | 0.70 (0.60–0.80) | 0.86 (0.75–1.00) | 0.06 ± 0.53 |
| Sufficiently active | 0.51 (0.44–0.59) | 0.75 (0.64–0.87) | 1.12 ± 0.54 |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Former drinker | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) | 0.79 (0.60–1.05) | 0.87 ± 1.04 |
| Current drinker | 0.55 (0.47–0.64) | 0.63 (0.47–0.85) | 3.29 ± 1.03 |
| Cigarette smoking | |||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Former smoker | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) | 0.88 (0.76–1.00) | 1.77 ± 0.54 |
| Current smoker | 0.63 (0.51–0.78) | 0.76 (0.61–0.96) | 3.57 ± 0.94 |
| Blood examination | |||
| Proteinuria a | 2.16 (1.92–2.42) | 1.63 (1.37–1.95) | −4.68 ± 0.77 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Cardiovascular disease | 2.22 (1.99–2.48) | 1.87 (1.55–2.27) | −4.89 ± 0.80 |
| Diabetes | 1.76 (1.50–2.06) | 1.66 (1.33–2.08) | −1.39 ± 0.74 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.87 (0.77–0.99) | 0.91 (0.78–1.05) | 0.04 ± 0.51 |
| Hyperuricemia | 3.70 (3.27–4.18) | 3.10 (2.57–3.73) | −9.69 ± 0.71 |
| Hypertension | 2.00 (1.77–2.25) | 1.38 (1.21–1.57) | −2.65 ± 0.50 |
| Urinary tract stones b | 1.08 (0.89–1.30) | – | – |
| Cancer | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) | 1.09 (0.95–1.25) | −0.36 ± 0.54 |
OR: odds ratio; aOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; BMI, body mass index.
Significant values are in bold (p < 0.05).
Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >3 mg/mmol.
The questionnaire used for defining kidney stones has been available since 2007 (n = 4,653).
Multivariate model was adjusted for age, sex, race, physical activity, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, proteinuria, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hypertension, cancer, and significant interaction terms.