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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Behav Immun. 2021 May 16;96:63–72. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.010

Table 1.

Cytokine levels in the raphe nucleus of control rats, DR rats and DIO rats

Cytokine Control DR DIO p value
IL-1α 0.13 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.04 0.26
IL-1β 0.16 ± 0.01 0.17 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.01 0.13
IL-2 3.14 ± 0.37 2.70 ± 0.28 3.50 ± 0.44 0.33
IL-4 0.09 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.02 0.46
IL-5 0.76 ± 0.07 0.61 ± 0.07 0.73 ± 0.05 0.31
IL-6 0.74 ± 0.07 0.90 ± 0.08 0.99 ± 0.14 0.23
IL-10 ND ND ND ----
IL-13 ND ND ND ----
TNF-α 1.63 ± 0.15 1.33 ± 0.13 1.81 ± 0.23 0.18
IFN-γ 0.68 ± 0.06 0.57 ± 0.05 0.54 ± 0.08 0.28
GM-CSF 0.22 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.03 0.24

Data expressed as pg of cytokine/mg of raphe nucleus extract. Lowest limit of detection (i.e. lowest standard) for each cytokine is as follows: IL-1α = 31.48 pg/ml; IL-1β = 10.54 pg/ml; IL-2 = 95.69 pg/ml; IL-4 = 1.5 pg/ml; IL-5 = 34.51 pg/ml; IL-6 = 15.49 pg/ml; IL-10 = 11.34 pg/ml; IL-12 = 4.19 pg/ml; IL-13 = 4.23 pg/ml; GM-CSF = 10.32 pg/ml; IFN-γ = 12.9 pg/ml; TNF-α = 16.68 pg/ml.