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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Behav Immun. 2021 May 16;96:63–72. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.010

Table 2.

Cytokine levels in the hippocampus of control rats, DR rats and DIO rats

Cytokine Control DR DIO p value
IL-1α 4.0 ± 0.4 3.6 ± 0.3 8.2 ± 1.9 # % 0.01
IL-1β 10.8 ± 1.6 9.8 ± 2.6 13.3 ± 4.2 0.72
IL-2 275.0 ± 45.9 217.3 ± 50.5 380.3 ± 82.4 0.20
IL-4 2.5 ± 0.3 2.8 ± 0.3 6.1 ± 1.2 # % 0.01
IL-5 24.3 ± 2.5 24.3 ± 2.3 38.7 ± 7.9 0.08
IL-6 47.0 ± 5.4 38.6 ± 8.0 57.2 ± 11.3 0.32
IL-10 4.7 ± 0.5 3.9 ± 0.5 7.5 ± 1.6 % 0.04
IL-13 19.7 ± 2.5 20.2 ± 1.9 41.3 ± 7.6 # % 0.01
TNF-α 65.3 ± 16.3 58.5 ± 6.7 109.4 ± 31.0 0.19
IFN-γ 16.1 ± 3.0 17.7 ± 1.6 37.0 ± 8.1 # % 0.004
GM-CSF 8.2 ± 1.3 7.7 ± 1.4 9.8 ± 2.6 0.71

Data expressed as pg of cytokine/mg of hippocampal extract.

#:

significantly different from Control-chow rats

%:

significantly different from DR rats.

Lowest limit of detection (i.e. lowest standard) for each cytokine is as follows: IL-1α = 31.48 pg/ml; IL-1β = 10.54 pg/ml; IL-2 = 95.69 pg/ml; IL-4 = 1.5 pg/ml; IL-5 = 34.51 pg/ml; IL-6 = 15.49 pg/ml; IL-10 = 11.34 pg/ml; IL-12 = 4.19 pg/ml; IL-13 = 4.23 pg/ml; GM-CSF = 10.32 pg/ml; IFN-γ = 12.9 pg/ml; TNF-α = 16.68 pg/ml.