Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| No. | Author | Year | Country | Study design | Follow-up (Years) | Sample | Male (%) | Age (years) | Endpoints | Definition of MetS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Anderson | 2004 | America | Retrospective cohort study | 2.80 ± 2.30 | 2,035 | 76.00 | 65 ± 11 | ②③ | NCEP2001 |
| 2 | Marroquin | 2004 | America | Prospective cohort study | 3.50 (2.80–4.70) | 284 | 0.00 | 58 ± 12 | ①②③④⑦ | NCEP2001 |
| 3 | Rana | 2005 | Netherlands | Prospective cohort study | at least 0.75 | 901 | NA | 62 ± 11 | ②⑤③ | NCEP2005 |
| 4 | Saely | 2005 | Australia | Prospective cohort study | 2.30 ± 0.40 | 750 | 67.90 | 62.6 ± 10.4 | ②③④⑤ | NCEP2001 |
| 5 | Schwartz | 2005 | America | RCT post-hoc analysis | 0.33 | 3,038 | 65.00 | 65 ± 12 | ①③⑥⑧⑩ | NCEP2001 |
| 6 | Zeller | 2005 | France | Prospective cohort study | 6.90 | 633 | 75.00 | 66.2 | ①③④⑨ | NCEP2001 |
| 7 | Aguilar | 2006 | America, New England, Canada | RCT post-hoc analysis | 3.10 | 3,319 | 81.70 | 62 ± 11 | ①③⑤⑧ | NCEP2001 |
| 8 | Boulon | 2006 | France | Prospective cohort study | 1.60 | 480 | 82.20 | 61.6 ± 13 | ①④⑤⑦ | NCEP2001,IDF |
| 9 | Briand | 2006 | Canada | Retrospective cohort study | 2.30 ± 1.10 | 105 | 62.00 | 69 ± 12 | ① | NCEP2001 |
| 10 | Hu | 2006 | China | Retrospective cohort study | 2.30 ± 1.00 | 2,596 | 77.70 | 60.3 ± 10.3 | ②③④⑤⑦ | IDF |
| 11 | Kasai | 2006 | Janpan | Retrospective cohort study | 12.00 ± 3.60 | 748 | 87.00 | 59 ± 10 | ①②⑩ | NCEP2001 |
| 12 | Nigam | 2006 | Canada | Retrospective cohort study | 12.60 ± 5.10 | 24,958 | 75.60 | 52.9 ± 9.3 | ①③④⑦ | NCEP2001 |
| 13 | Ovbiagele | 2006 | America | RCT post-hoc analysis | 1.80 | 476 | 61.60 | 63 ± 11.4 | ②③④⑩ | NCEP2001 |
| 14 | Espinola-Klein | 2007 | Germany | Retrospective cohort study | 6.70 | 811 | 75.10 | 62.7 ± 9.3 | ②③④ | NCEP2005 |
| 15 | Hajer | 2007 | Netherlands | Prospective cohort study | 2.80 (0.10–7.50) | 2,060 | 78.00 | 59.6 ± 10.3 | ②④ | NCEP2001 |
| 16 | Nakatani | 2007 | Janpan | Prospective cohort study | 2.00 | 3,858 | 76.00 | 64.7 ± 11.4 | ②③ | NCEP2001 |
| 17 | Canibus | 2007 | Italy | Prospective cohort study | 1.00 | 148 | 79.70 | 61 ± 11 | ②⑤ | NCEP2001 |
| 18 | Espinola-Klein | 2007 | Germany | Prospective cohort study | 6.10 (0.70–7.70) | 1,263 | 74.40 | 61.6 ± 10.1 | ② | NCEP2005 |
| 19 | Iturry-Yamamoto | 2009 | Brazil | Prospective cohort study | 1.00 | 159 | 71.70 | 60.7 ± 10.6 | ②③⑤ | NCEP2005 |
| 20 | Kasai | 2009 | Janpan | Retrospective cohort study | 11.40 ± 2.90 | 1,836 | 85.10 | 59.2 ± 9.0 | ①②④⑩ | NCEP2005 |
| 21 | Protack | 2009 | America | Retrospective cohort study | 4.50 | 921 | 64.00 | 71 ± 10 | ②③④ | Custom |
| 22 | Selcuk | 2009 | Turkey | Prospective cohort study | 2.30 (1.20–3.50) | 188 | 82.40 | 56.9 ± 11.6 | ②③⑤ | NCEP2005 |
| 23 | Solymoss | 2009 | Canada | Retrospective cohort study | 12.60 ± 3.40 | 1,080 | 73.40 | 58.1 ± 9.8 | ①②③④⑧ | NCEP2005 |
| 24 | Suwaidi | 2010 | Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen | Prospective cohort study | 0.50 | 6,701 | 75.70 | 56.4 ± 12.2 | ①③④⑦ | NCEP2005 |
| 25 | Lee | 2010 | Korea | Prospective cohort study | 1.00 | 1,990 | 73.00 | 63.4 ± 12.6 | ①②③⑤ | NCEP2005 |
| 26 | Miller | 2010 | Mexico | Prospective cohort study | / | 971 | 70.00 | 62.3 ± 11.5 | ①⑤⑦ | NCEP2005 |
| 27 | Petersen | 2010 | America | Prospective cohort study | 5.00 | 5,744 | 64.60 | 62(53–71) | ①③④⑩ | NCEP2005 |
| 28 | Van Kuijk | 2010 | Netherlands | Retrospective cohort study | 6.00 (2.00–9.00) | 2,069 | 81.40 | / | ②③⑤⑩ | NCEP2001 |
| 29 | Hoshida | 2011 | Janpan | Prospective cohort study | 1.00 | 1,173 | 72.50 | 67 | ①②③④⑤ | NCEP2005 |
| 30 | Hu | 2011 | China | Prospective cohort study | 2.95 | 1,224 | 71.70 | 60 ± 10 | ②③ | IDF |
| 31 | Kalahasti | 2011 | America | Retrospective cohort study | 1.00 | 2,362 | 73.00 | 64 | ①③⑤⑩ | Custom |
| 32 | Maron | 2011 | America | RCT post-hoc analysis | 4.60 (2.50–7.00) | 2,248 | 85.10 | 62.1 ± 9.9 | ①③⑤⑦⑩ | NCEP2005 |
| 33 | Capoulade | 2012 | Canada | Prospective cohort study | 3.40 ± 1.30 | 243 | 62.00 | 57 ± 13 | ② | NCEP2001 |
| 34 | Marso | 2012 | Netherlands | Prospective cohort study | 3.00 | 673 | 75.80 | 58.2(50.1–70.8) | ②③⑧ | NCEP2001 |
| 35 | Mi | 2012 | China | Prospective cohort study | 1.00 | 701 | 64.80 | 61.4 ± 11.7 | ①④⑩ | IDF |
| 36 | Arnold | 2013 | America | Prospective cohort study | 1.00 | 1,129 | 66.00 | 59.7 ± 11.6 | ① | NCEP2001 |
| 37 | Balti | 2013 | France | Prospective cohort study | 5.00 | 57 | 56.00 | 61.9 ± 12.9 | ① | NCEP2005 |
| 38 | Hossain | 2014 | Bangladesh | Prospective cohort study | 1.00 | 210 | 70.00 | 53.2 ± 12 | ①④⑥⑨ | NCEP2005 |
| 39 | Mehta | 2014 | New England, Canada, America, Australian | RCT post-hoc analysis | 1.00 | 9,406 | 68.40 | 68(60–75) | ① | NCEP2005 |
| 40 | Mornar | 2014 | Croatia | Prospective cohort study | 1.00 | 250 | / | / | ②③ | NCEP2005 |
| 41 | Udell | 2014 | America | Prospective cohort study | 4.00 | 44,548 | 64.60 | 68.7 ± 10.4 | ①②③④ | NCEP2005 |
| 42 | Won | 2014 | Korea | Prospective cohort study | 3.00 | 963 | 75.60 | 62 ± 12 | ①②③⑩ | NCEP2005 |
| 43 | Ao | 2015 | China | Retrospective cohort study | 5.00 | 1,238 | 84.40 | 59.5 ± 9 | ①③④ | NCEP2005 |
| 44 | Arbel | 2015 | Russia | Prospective cohort study | 4.40 ± 1.90 | 3,525 | 72.00 | 66 ± 22 | ① | NCEP2005 |
| 45 | Fan | 2015 | China | Retrospective cohort study | 2.30 | 997 | 69.90 | 64.29 ± 13.13 | ⑦① | Custom |
| 46 | Perrone-Filardi | 2015 | Italy | Substudy of RCT | 3.00 | 6,648 | 78.20 | 67.2 ± 10.6 | ①②⑩ | IDF |
| 47 | Simao | 2015 | Brazil | Retrospective cohort study | 1.00 | 148 | 56.80 | 69.5(55–81.5) | ① | NCEP2005 |
| 48 | Chen | 2016 | China | Prospective cohort study | 4.90 | 3,351 | 63.00 | 64 ± 2.4 | ①②⑩ | NCEP2005 |
| 49 | Fang | 2016 | China | Prospective cohort study | 3.40 | 1,087 | 51.20 | 65.1 ± 8.9 | ②③④ | Custom |
| 50 | La Carrubba | 2016 | Italy | Prospective cohort study | 1.80 | 1,920 | 56.30 | 60(50–69) | ②③④⑤ | IDF |
| 51 | Tadaki | 2016 | Janpan | Retrospective cohort study | 3.20 ± 1.10 | 4,566 | 68.00 | 68.8 ± 1.4 | ①③⑤⑧ | NCEP2001 |
| 52 | Bhagat 2017 | 2017 | Indian | Prospective cohort study | 2.00 | 358 | 74.90 | 56.19 ± 11.56 | ①⑧⑨ | NCEP2005 |
| 53 | Lovic | 2018 | Serbia | Prospective cohort study | 4.00 | 507 | 77.71 | 58.57 ± 11.30 | ①②③④⑤ | AHA-NHLBI(NCEP2005), NCEP2001 and IDF |
| 54 | Vest | 2018 | USA | Prospective cohort study | 5.10 (2.20–8.20) | 1,953 | 74.00 | 55 (48–63) | ① | NCEP2001 |
| 55 | Polovina | 2018 | Serbia | Prospective cohort study | 5.00 | 843 | 61.40 | 62.5 ± 12.2 | ②③⑩ | NCEP2005 |
① All-cause death, ② CV death, ③ MI, ④ Stroke, ⑤ TVR, ⑥ Cardiac arrest, ⑦ HF, ⑧ Angina pectoris, ⑨ Cardiogenic shock, ⑩ MetS components.