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. 2021 Jul 29;13(4):2607–2639. doi: 10.1007/s13132-021-00814-w

Table 2.

ICT services and their subgroups in GVCs in 2005–2015

FVA (% of gross exports)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Czechia
ICT services: 17.05 18.47 17.52 16.95 17.25 19.78 18.95 19.8 20.36 20.23 19.15
Telecommunications 13.38 13.85 13.61 13.61 13.92 15.77 16.71 18.26 22.16 23.25 24.01
IT and other information services 16.24 16.94 17.75 16.25 16.43 18.81 17.87 18.17 17.88 17.28 15.19
Estonia
ICT services: 23.24 20.64 18.54 17.85 16.97 20.57 22.1 21.12 21.51 22.17 21.14
Telecommunications 25.5 23.45 20.9 21.09 20.83 26.17 29.18 29.31 29.69 26.55 26.74
IT and other information services 21.59 17.94 15.93 13.26 11.71 13.64 14.71 14.98 16.11 19.95 18.09
Hungary
ICT services: 14.54 15.88 16.42 17.48 18.39 17.56 19.01 18.8 18.59 18.67 20.69
Telecommunications 12.15 14.2 14.69 14.68 15.61 15.93 16.56 17.44 19.15 19.67 22.81
IT and other information services 15.57 16.57 17.21 17.52 17.66 16.69 16.4 16.1 15.49 14.93 18.9
Latvia
ICT services: 10.98 13.58 13.66 11.45 11.77 13.15 13.1 14.31 13.68 11.74 12.68
Telecommunications 10.22 12.16 11.91 11.64 12.66 12.68 13.15 15.57 13.39 14.56 15.85
IT and other information services 10.97 14.63 14.16 9.98 8.97 12.05 11.71 12.22 12.48 8.85 10.25
Lithuania
ICT services: 9.64 10.11 10.87 12.84 9.76 12.16 12.8 12.92 10.95 11.51 12.97
Telecommunications 9.62 10.23 10.41 9.14 8.11 10.25 11.5 11.36 9 11.12 13.29
IT and other information services 8.75 8.71 10.09 21.11 13.06 12.7 13.66 13.04 10.12 10.52 11.74
Poland
ICT services: 12.46 13.91 13.98 14.27 13.63 15.23 15.49 14.49 13.99 15 15.22
Telecommunications 12.01 13.8 15.41 15.9 14.73 16.02 15.99 14.48 15.41 15.51 17.16
IT and other information services 12.51 13.69 13.75 13.68 13.18 14.65 15 13.89 12.95 13.79 14.25
Slovakia
ICT services: 21.55 21.27 19.4 17.08 15.27 14.5 13.45 13.59 17.01 18.76 22.29
Telecommunications 15.82 19.16 20.17 14.86 14.06 10.53 9.47 11.74 14.17 15.71 20.98
IT and other information services 21.17 19.85 17.6 17.34 14.49 12.31 12.28 13.37 17.52 20.06 22.96
Slovenia
ICT services: 18.92 19.13 19.79 19.06 19.68 20.72 21.05 22.08 22.58 21.88 22.56
Telecommunications 18.9 19.32 19.36 19.52 21.25 22.43 22.8 24.33 25.17 24.11 25.36
IT and other information services 15.75 15.09 15.67 15.04 15.6 16.14 15.44 16.72 16.25 15.13 16.07
Bulgaria
ICT services: 20.49 19.77 19.37 14.13 15.99 14.14 11.62 14.85 12.54 14.41 17.3
Telecommunications 19.92 19.17 18 9.35 13.78 12.84 11.07 16.27 12.76 16.42 18.29
IT and other information services 22.36 19.63 17.72 16.39 17.27 11 9.62 12.25 10.42 13.07 16.8
Croatia
ICT services: 16.35 15.33 15.55 14.53 13.35 12.11 13.04 13.02 13.55 13.55 13.7
Telecommunications 12.94 13.39 13.97 11.71 10.46 9.43 11.78 12.18 12.97 12.96 13.71
IT and other information services 15.66 15.48 13.72 13.54 12.85 9.9 11.06 11.4 11.98 12.41 11.92
Romania
ICT services: 13.92 13.78 11.98 10.97 11.39 16.07 16.69 14.58 13.4 14.21 11.99
Telecommunications 12.65 12.76 12.43 12.58 12.65 19.26 19.49 18.79 14.34 16.5 14.61
IT and other information services 15.79 15.64 10.61 8.61 10.17 13.85 13.89 12.48 12.87 13.44 11.23
IVA (% of gross exports)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Czechia
ICT services: 25.54 26.18 24.97 25.02 24.75 24.58 24.37 22.19 22.29 20.85 16.94
Telecommunications 15.73 15.25 14.28 15.31 15.19 14.5 15.51 15.99 15.47 16.06 14.4
IT and other information services 24.09 23.85 23.67 23.26 23.87 23.01 21.9 20.09 19.39 17.25 13.23
Estonia
ICT services: 17.87 19.71 21 16.29 16.01 14.68 14.41 14.87 13.2 14.93 16.03
Telecommunications 13.95 16.53 19.39 14.19 14.38 12.03 12.19 12.66 12.37 15.22 17.34
IT and other information services 17.63 18.27 19.02 16.4 15.65 15.38 15.03 15.06 12.62 13.96 13.4
Hungary
ICT services: 23.27 22.87 21.44 19.13 18.96 18 18.69 16.86 16 15.11 13.63
Telecommunications 18.72 20.61 20.72 18.62 19.4 20.15 19.76 19.89 20.57 18.4 13.94
IT and other information services 25.32 23.56 20.84 16.6 16.85 16.04 16.94 13.84 12.59 12.23 11.3
Latvia
ICT services: 22.86 25.73 26.65 26.26 26.6 25.53 25.99 23.84 20.79 25.25 25.22
Telecommunications 18.69 20.61 24.3 23.35 25.17 25.21 26.6 27.96 25.3 33.33 33.77
IT and other information services 25.88 30.88 25.92 24.75 22.48 20.34 21.54 17.54 14.52 18.72 19.25
Lithuania
ICT services: 17.62 18.81 19.8 20.61 20.83 19.17 20.38 20.26 23.25 24.9 21.22
Telecommunications 7.72 8.21 9.51 10.94 11.76 9.48 9.75 11.39 14.63 18.43 15.38
IT and other information services 30.15 29.97 30.33 26.84 28.77 25.51 26.07 25.37 25.99 24.94 20.3
Poland
ICT services: 27.98 27.59 28.04 28.64 29.08 27.62 27.09 27.02 25.08 24.08 25.89
Telecommunications 24.5 24.47 28.32 29.19 28.94 33.44 36.24 37.54 38.05 34.95 31.07
IT and other information services 26.03 24.77 25.99 26.29 26.55 24.31 23.69 22.68 19.53 18.52 22.13
Slovakia
ICT services: 23.78 20.17 18.05 20.2 20.11 22.97 24.22 19.83 20.81 20.73 22.05
Telecommunications 14.6 14.89 16.6 18.77 18.15 18.52 18.91 19.15 18.57 19.07 20.36
IT and other information services 22.97 19.47 15.75 17.14 16.99 20.78 21.69 17.67 17.28 18.69 21.09
Slovenia
ICT services: 26.56 27 26.5 25.95 25.83 24.08 22.24 20.77 21.36 20.83 24.74
Telecommunications 22.73 23.67 23.35 22.14 22.94 21.22 19.08 18 19.07 17.98 24.58
IT and other information services 23.82 22.97 21.73 22.03 20.31 19.4 18.33 16.81 16.95 17.67 20.1
Bulgaria
ICT services: 20.94 21.65 22.8 14.93 22.56 28.37 27.01 25.51 23.89 20.81 24.96
Telecommunications 19.3 19.02 18.33 11.73 19.09 26.17 23.58 25.38 26.19 20.09 22.24
IT and other information services 25.04 25.8 23.97 15 25.84 26.36 27.43 24.64 21.41 20.33 25.92
Croatia
ICT services: 23.72 24.5 24.67 24.06 23.58 23.88 25.33 25.47 25.49 26.83 25.97
Telecommunications 18.93 21.31 22.62 19.07 18.5 19.42 22.64 23.46 24.34 26.02 27.17
IT and other information services 25.97 23.43 23.22 22.82 22.49 20.37 19.38 19.5 19.88 20.01 17.83
Romania
ICT services: 14.76 15.01 13.68 14.32 15.87 26.95 26.66 26.41 26.22 28.53 20.64
Telecommunications 11.77 12.68 13.15 14.78 14.32 28.82 27.9 31.44 25.96 28.4 27.56
IT and other information services 18.11 18.5 12.78 13.01 16.76 25.22 24.68 23.89 26.26 28.41 18.41
Relative position in GVCs
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Czechia
ICT services: 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01  − 0.02
Telecommunications 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01  − 0.01  − 0.01  − 0.02  − 0.06  − 0.06  − 0.08
IT and other information services 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0  − 0.02
Estonia
ICT services:  − 0.04  − 0.01 0.02  − 0.01  − 0.01  − 0.05  − 0.07  − 0.05  − 0.07  − 0.06  − 0.04
Telecommunications  − 0.10  − 0.06  − 0.01  − 0.06  − 0.05  − 0.12  − 0.14  − 0.14  − 0.14  − 0.09  − 0.08
IT and other information services  − 0.03 0 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0 0  − 0.03  − 0.05  − 0.04
Hungary
ICT services: 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.01 0 0 0  − 0.02  − 0.02  − 0.03  − 0.06
Telecommunications 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01  − 0.01  − 0.07
IT and other information services 0.08 0.06 0.03  − 0.01  − 0.01  − 0.01 0  − 0.02  − 0.03  − 0.02  − 0.07
Latvia
ICT services: 0.1 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.1 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.11 0.11
Telecommunications 0.07 0.07 0.11 0.1 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.15 0.14
IT and other information services 0.13 0.13 0.1 0.13 0.12 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.09 0.08
Lithuania
ICT services: 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.1 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.11 0.11 0.07
Telecommunications  − 0.02  − 0.02  − 0.01 0.02 0.03  − 0.01  − 0.02 0 0.05 0.06 0.02
IT and other information services 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.05 0.13 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.13 0.12 0.07
Poland
ICT services: 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.09
Telecommunications 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.11
IT and other information services 0.11 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.07
Slovakia
ICT services: 0.02  − 0.01  − 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.02 0
Telecommunications  − 0.01  − 0.04  − 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.03  − 0.01
IT and other information services 0.01 0  − 0.02 0 0.02 0.07 0.08 0.04 0  − 0.01  − 0.02
Slovenia
ICT services: 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.01  − 0.01  − 0.01  − 0.01 0.02
Telecommunications 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01  − 0.01  − 0.03  − 0.05  − 0.05  − 0.05  − 0.01
IT and other information services 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0 0.01 0.02 0.03
Bulgaria
ICT services: 0 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.12 0.13 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06
Telecommunications  − 0.01 0 0 0.02 0.05 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.11 0.03 0.03
IT and other information services 0.02 0.05 0.05  − 0.01 0.07 0.13 0.15 0.1 0.09 0.06 0.08
Croatia
ICT services: 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.11 0.1
Telecommunications 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.1 0.1 0.11 0.11
IT and other information services 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.05
Romania
ICT services: 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.08 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.07
Telecommunications  − 0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.08 0.07 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.11
IT and other information services 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.1 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.06

If the relative position in GVCs is higher than 0, it means that the country is located in the upstream market. If the relative position of GVCs is lower than 0, it means that the country is located in the downstream market. Source: Calculated by the author based on OECD’s Inter-Country Input–Output Database, 2020