Table 1.
Genetic associations with SCARs in different populations.
| Causative drug | Genetic associations | SCAR | Ethnicity | Reference | Clinical implementations and recommendations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antiepileptic drug | |||||
| Carbamazepine | B*15:02 | SJS/TEN | Han Chinese | (18, 25) | 1. Labeled by Taiwan FDA, Hong Kong Department of Health, Singapore Ministry of Health, Thailand HITAP, India MOHFW, US FDA, Canada HCSC, EMA. 2. National health insurance subsidized in Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Thailand. |
| Southeast Asian | (19, 20) | ||||
| B*15:11 | SJS/TEN | Northeast Asian | (27, 28) | ||
| Southeast Asian | (29) | ||||
| B*15:21 | SJS/TEN | Southeast Asian | (29) | ||
| B*57:01 | SJS/TEN | Caucasians | (30) | ||
| A*31:01 | DRESS | Han Chinese | (31) | 1. Labeled by US FDA, Canada HCSC, Japan, and Taiwan. | |
| Caucasians | (31, 32) | ||||
| SCARs | Japanese | (33) | |||
| Oxcarbazepine | B*15:02 | SJS/TEN | Han Chinese | (23, 25) | 1. Labeled by US FDA, EMA and Taiwan FDA. 2. Ongoing clinical trial in Taiwan and China. |
| Lamotrigine | B*15:02 | SJS/GEN | Han Chinese | (25) | Ongoing clinical trial in Taiwan and China. |
| B*38 | SJS/TEN | Caucasians | (34) | ||
| Phenytoin | B*15:02 | SCARs | Han Chinese | (22, 25, 35) | 1. Labeled by Canada HCSC, US FDA, and Taiwan FDA. 2. Ongoing clinical trial in Taiwan and China. |
| Southeast Asian | (24, 26) | ||||
| B*13:01 | SCARs | Asian | (35) | Ongoing clinical trial in Taiwan and China. | |
| B*15:13 | SJS/TEN | Japanese | (36) | Ongoing clinical trial in Taiwan and China. | |
| B*51:01 | SCARs | Han Chinese | (37) | ||
| CYP2C9*3 | SCARs | Asian | (35) | Ongoing clinical trial in Taiwan and China | |
| Phenobarbital | B*51:01 | SJS/TEN | Japanese | (36) | |
| A*02:07 | SJS/TEN | Japanese | (36) | ||
| Zonisamide | A*02:07 | SJS/TEN | Japanese | (36) | |
| Antiinfection drugs | |||||
| Antibiotics | |||||
| Co-trimoxazole | B*13:01 | SCARs | Han Chinese Southeast Asian | (17) | |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | B*62 | DRESS | Caucasians | (38) | |
| Sulfamethoxazole | B*38 | SJS/TEN | Caucasians | (34) | |
| Vancomycin | A*32:01 | DRESS | Caucasians | (39) | |
| Anti-virus | |||||
| Abacavir | B*57:01 | HSR | Caucasians | (40, 41) | Labeled by US FDA, US HHS, EMA, Canada HCSC, and multiple international HIV/AIDS organizations |
| Hispanic | (42) | ||||
| Indian | (43) | ||||
| Nevirapine | B*35:05 | HSR | Thai | (44) | |
| C*04:01 | SJS/TEN | African | (45) | ||
| Cw*04 | cADRs | All | (46) | ||
| Cw*08 | HSR | Sardinian | (47) | ||
| Japanese | (48) | ||||
| DRB1*01:01 | HSR | Caucasians | (49) | ||
| CYP2B6 | cADRs | All | (46) | ||
| CCHCR1 | HSR | Thai | (44) | ||
| Raltegravir | B*53:01 | DRESS | African | (50) | |
| Anti-leprosy | |||||
| Dapsone | B*13:01 | DHS | Han Chinese | (51) | Prospective screening in China. |
| Korean | (52) | ||||
| Indonesian | (53) | ||||
| SCARs | Thai | (54) | |||
| Cold medicine | |||||
| A*02:06 | SJS/TEN | Japanese | (55) | ||
| Korean | (56, 57) | ||||
| A*66:01 | SJS/TEN | Brazilian | (58) | ||
| B*44:03 | SJS/TEN | Japanese | (55) | ||
| Indian | (56) | ||||
| Thai | (59) | ||||
| Brazilian | (56, 58) | ||||
| C*03:04 | SJS/TEN | Korean | (57) | ||
| C*12:03 | SJS/TEN | Brazilian | (58) | ||
| TLR3 | SJS/TEN | Japanese | (60) | ||
| PTGER3 | SJS/TEN | Japanese | (60) | ||
| IKZF1 | SJS/TEN | Japanese | (61) | ||
| Others | |||||
| Allopurinol | B*58:01 | SJS/TEN | Thai | (62) | 1. Recommendation in the American College of Rheumatology guidelines for allopurinol initiation in Asians. 2. National health insurance subsidized in Taiwan, China, Korea, and Thailand. |
| Japanese | (63) | ||||
| SCARs | Han Chinese | (64) | |||
| Korean | (65) | ||||
| Caucasians | (34) | ||||
| Methazolamide | B*59:01 | SJS/TEN | Northeast Asian | (66) | |
| Han Chinese | (67) | ||||
DHS, Dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome; HSR, hypersensitivity reaction.