Table 1.
Microbiota alternation in patients with SLE.
| Human subjects (n) | Region | Bacteria in SLE | Other | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SLE (20) vs HC (20) | Spain | Phyla: Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio↓, Bacteriodetes ↑. | (26) | |
| SLE (45) vs HC (48) | China | Phyla: Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio↓, Firmicutes ↓;Bacteriodetes ↑; Family: Rhodococcus, Eggerthella, Klebsiella, Prevotella, Eubacterium, Flavonifractor and Incertae sedis↑; Dialister, Pseudobutyrivibrio↓. | (27) | |
| SLE (61) vs HC (17) | USA | Species: Ruminococcus gnavus↑. | Anti-RG antibodies correlated with SLEDAI score and active nephritis. | (28) |
| SLE (92) vs HC (217) | China | Phyla: Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria ↑, Firmicutes↓; Family : Bacteroidaceae,Streptococcaceae↑; Ruminococcaceae, Veillonellaceae, Lachnospiraceae↓; Genus: Ruminococcus, Klebsiella, Erysipelotrichaceae↑, Faecalibacterium↓. | Ruminococcus correlated with the absolute counts of Tregs in peripheral blood. | (29) |
| SLE (30) vs HC (965) | Netherlands | Phyla: Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio↓, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria↑; Genus: Bacteroides, Alistipes↑; Species: Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides ovatus and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron↑. | (30) | |
| SLE (14) vs HC (17) | USA | Phyla: Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was not different, Proteobacteria↑; Genus: Odoribacter ↓, Blautia ↑. | (31) | |
| SLE (12) vs HC (22) | USA | Genus: Lactobacillus spp.↑. | (32) | |
| SLE (16) vs HC (11) | USA | Phyla: Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio↓. | Human Ro60 autoantigen–specific CD4 memory T cell clones from lupus patients react to Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron containing Ro60 orthologs. | (33) |
| SLE (117) vs HC (115) | China | Species series A : Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442, Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium leptum↑; Species series B : Lactobacillus salivarius, Ruminococcus gnavus, Clostridium nexile, Olsenella uli, Actinomyces johnsonii, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus avium↑. | All species in series A were reduced after treatment and most were more closely associated with oral cavity species in SLE vs healthy subjects. Clostridium species ATCC BAA-442 and L.salivarius abundances positively correlated with SLEDAI score. | (34) |
| SLE (21) vs HC (10) | China | Phyla: Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio↑, Bacteriodetes↓. | (35) |
HC, healthy controls; RG, Ruminococcus gnavus; SLEDAI, SLE disease activity index.
The bold type indicates the classification level of the bacteria.