Table 2.
Microbiota alternation in lupus-related mouse models.
| Model | Bacteria in disease | Other | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| TC vs. C57BL/6 mice | Class: Erysipelotrichia, unidentified Actinobacteria↑; Bacilli↓; Order: Erysipelotrichales↑; Lactobacillales↓; Family: Erysipelotrichaceae↑; Rikenellaceae, Lactobacillaceae↓; Genus: Turicibacter↑; Alistpes, Lactobacillus↓. | Feces transplantation from TC mice to C57BL/6 germ-free mice induces anti-dsDNA antibodies and innate immune response. | (52) |
| (SWR × NZB)F1 mice AW vs. NW | Phyla: Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was not different; Family: Rikenellaceae↓; Genus : Turicibacter spp.↑; Species: Lactobacillus reuteri↑. | AW-fed mice have accelerated nephritis | (59) |
| MRL/lpr vs. MRL mice | Family: Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Rikenellaceae↑; Lactobacillaceae↓. | Lupus accelerated/more severe in females also associated with Lachnospriraceae↑. | (60) |
| NZB/W F1 mice | Genus: Clostridium, Dehalobacterium, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Dorea, Bilophila, AF12 and an unnamed genus within the family Ruminococcaceae↑; Species: Akkermansia muciniphila and a species within the genus Anaerostipes↓. | Treatment with Dex decreases Lactobacilli which might be associated with progressing disease. | (31) |
| MRL/lpr vs. MRL mice | Order: Lactobacillales↓. | Lactobacillus can correct the leaky gut, improve renal function and increase the survival of female lpr mice. | (61) |
| TLR7.1 Tg vs. WT C57BL/6 mice | Species: Lactobacillus reuteri↑. | Lactobacillus reuter increased plasmacytoid dendritic cells and interferon signaling. | (32) |
| (NZW × BXSB)F1 vs.C57BL/6 mice | Species: Enterococcus gallinarum | Enterococcus gallinarum translocated from the intestine to the liver; vaccination with heat-killed E. gallinarum decreased serum autoantibodies and increased survival. E. gallinarum also found in liver biopsies of some SLE, but not control patients. | (62) |
| MRL/lpr vs. MRL/MpJ mice | Genus : Blautia ↑, Desulfovibrio↓; Species: Ruminococcus torques ↑ | (34) | |
| TC vs. C57BL/6 mice | Genus: Prevotellaceae, Paraprevotella and Lactobacillus↑. | Tryptophan metabolism was altered in TC mice; Prevotella species is associated with tryptophan metabolism. High tryptophan diet exacerbated and low tryptophan diet mitigated disease in TC mice and both diets altered microbiota and its ability to transfer disease to C57BL/6 germ-free mice. | (63) |
| (SWR × NZB)F1 mice Female vs. Male | Genus: Bacteroides, Parabacteroides↑; Dysgonomonas↓. | Gender specific difference in gut microbiota appears at adult age. | (64) |
AW, acidic pH water; NW, neutral pH water; Dex, dexamethasone; TLR7, Toll-like receptor 7; WT, wild-type; TC, B6.NZM-Sle1NZM2410/Aeg- Sle2NZM2410/AegSle3NZM2410/Aeg/LmoJ.
The bold type indicates the classification level of the bacteria.