Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of the sample
| Complete sample N = 86 | Mean ± SD or N (%) | Observed range |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | ||
| Maternal age in 1st trimester, years | 28.0 ± 5.4 | 18–40 |
| Parity (primiparous) | 24 (39.5) | |
| SES index (education and income combined) | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 1.00–5.00 |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 35 (40.7) | |
| Hispanic White | 27 (31.3) | |
| Other | 23 (26.7) | |
| Missing | 1 (1.2) | |
| Educational level | ||
| Less than high school | 3 (3.5) | |
| High school | 18 (20.9) | |
| Partial college or specialized training | 38 (44.2) | |
| Associate/Bachelor's degree | 18 (20.9) | |
| Advanced | 9 (10.5) | |
| Yearly income per household | ||
| Below $15,000 | 9 (10.5) | |
| $15,000–$29,999 | 19 (22.1) | |
| $30,000–$49,999 | 19 (22.1) | |
| $50,000–$100,000 | 30 (34.9) | |
| Over $100,000 | 5 (5.8) | |
| Missing | 4 (4.7) | |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | 9 (10.5) | |
| Obstetric complications, any | 20 (23.3) | |
| Severe infection | 7 (8.1) | |
| Hypertension | 1 (1.2) | |
| Diabetes | 4 (4.7) | |
| Anemia | 4 (4.7) | |
| Vaginal bleeding | 5 (5.8) | |
| PSS (mean across pregnancy) | 15.8 ± 5.6 | 5–30 |
| T1 PSS | 15.6 ± 6.0 | 1–33 |
| T2 PSS | 14.9 ± 6.7 | 4–35 |
| T3 PSS | 16.4 ± 6.3 | 3–29 |
| Child characteristics | ||
| Gestational age at birth, weeks | 39.2 ± 1.5 | 35–42 |
| Birthweight, grams | 3323 ± 515 | 1786–4906 |
| Age at MRI scan, days | 25.8 ± 12.9 | 5–64 |
| Child sex (male) | 51 (59.3) | |
| Intracranial volume (cm3) | 486.8 ± 58.8 | 355.9–639.8 |
| Hippocampal volume, right (cm3) | 1.20 ± 0.14 | 0.93–1.59 |
| Hippocampal volume, left (cm3) | 1.16 ± 0.14 | 0.92–1.49 |
| Amygdalar volume, right (cm3) | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.22–0.36 |
| Amygdalar volume, left (cm3) | 0.27 ± 0.03 | 0.20–0.36 |
| M6 Bayley social-emotional score, standardized | 9.77 ± 3.71 | 1–18 |
| M12 Bayley social-emotional score, standardized | 9.35 ± 3.63 | 1–19 |
Note. SES = socio-economic status; PSS = Perceived Stress Scale; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging.