Table 4. Trends in consumption of Access group antibiotics in eight high-income countries, 2013–2018.
| Variable | No. of Access group antibiotics/total no. of antibiotics sold (%), million SU |
Population-weighted mean %a | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Germany | Italy | Japan | Spain | Switzerland | United Kingdom | United States | ||
| Year | |||||||||
| 2013 | 912/1532 (59.5) | 474/885 (53.5) | 532/976 (54.5) | 360/2286 (15.7) | 665/897 (74.1) | 41/67 (62.1) | 1117/1517 (73.6) | 4700/6418 (73.2) | 59.0 |
| 2014 | 886/1466 (60.4) | 455/828 (55.0) | 518/948 (54.7) | 369/2220 (16.6) | 692/915 (75.6) | 41/64 (63.2) | 1150/1551 (74.2) | 4575/6225 (73.5) | 59.7 |
| 2015 | 905/1472 (61.5) | 441/821 (53.7) | 512/933 (54.9) | 397/2261 (17.6) | 718/944 (76.0) | 42/65 (64.3) | 1114/1492 (74.7) | 4676/6274 (74.5) | 60.4 |
| 2016 | 948/1482 (64.0) | 450/831 (54.1) | 513/915 (56.0) | 405/2228 (18.2) | 688/912 (75.5) | 43/65 (66.3) | 1098/1458 (75.3) | 4724/6256 (75.5) | 61.3 |
| 2017 | 900/1380 (65.3) | 442/802 (55.1) | 505/897 (56.3) | 411/2099 (19.6) | 658/877 (75.0) | 42/62 (67.6) | 1044/1376 (75.9) | 4876/6307 (77.3) | 62.6 |
| 2018 | 898/1343 (66.9) | 445/774 (57.5) | 504/892 (56.5) | 439/2030 (21.6) | 640/852 (75.1) | 44/63 (69.7) | 1000/1302 (76.8) | 4649/6020 (77.2) | 63.5 |
| Statistical analysis | |||||||||
| Annual trendb | 1.54 | 0.59 | 0.45 | 1.11 | 0.07 | 1.53 | 0.61 | 0.93 | 0.92 |
| P-value for trend | < 0.001 | NS | < 0.01 | < 0.001 | NS | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 |
NS: not significant; SU: standard units.
a The population-weighted mean is based on the sales data for all eight countries.
b The average annual trend shows the country-specific annual change between 2013 and 2018, derived from linear regression (separate models by country) and can be interpreted as the estimated average annual change in the outcome for each country and for the weighted-aggregate.