TABLE 4.

Examples of effects of culture, age, gender on visual aesthetics.

	Representational	Color	Shape	References
Culture	Swastikas can be a positive symbol for buddhism in the east or a negative symbol of the horrors of war in the west	Red is associated with communism, which could be interpreted positively or negatively	Aesthetic preferences for simplified, imperfect lines in Japanese wabi-sabi have been contrasted with a western preference for perfect, controlled shapes	Holman and Vertegaal, (2008)
Age	Elderly can prefer skeuomorphic rather than flat designs; young children might not recognize obsolete symbols such as video rentals, card catalogs, hole-punched floppy disks, and rotary-dial telephones	Elderly typically prefer colors of shorter wavelengths (blue, green, and violet, vs. red, orange, and yellow)	Infants have a visual preference for curved shapes (especially faces similar to their carer, but also shapes like bull’s eyes), and females of reproductive age prefer masculine (square) faces more than females in puberty and post-menopause	Fantz and Miranda. (1975); Holman and Vertegaal. (2008); Little et al. (2010); Birren. (2016)
Gender	Girls typically draw more realistic, docile scenes with nature and fewer objects	Girls typically use more colors than boys, including more blending and harmonious combinations	Girls typically use more curved and fewer rectilinear shapes	Tuman, (1999)