Table 2.
Top IPA biological pathways (|z-score| ≥ 1, p < 0.05) of sex-biased genes (n = 565, p < 0.03) in peripheral blood monocytes
| Top pathways | Activation | Molecules | Functions and diseases | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interferon Signaling | Up | IFIT1, IFIT3, IFITM1, JAK2, MX1, STAT1 | Cellular Immune Response; Cytokine Signaling | 1.33E-04 |
| PI3K Signaling in B Lymphocytes | Up | CD180, CD40, CD79A, DAPP1, FCGR2B, IRS2, ITPR2, PIK3CG, PLCH1, PLCH2 | Cellular Immune Response | 1.10E-03 |
| Sperm Motility | Up | ABL2, AXL, EPHB3, FLT1, GUCY1A1, ITPR2, JAK2, MAP2K6, MAP3K11, PLAAT4, PLAAT5, PLCH1, PLCH2 | Organismal Growth and Development | 1.60E-03 |
| Th1 Pathway | Up | CCR5, CD274, CD40, HLA-DOA, HLA-DRB5, JAK2, MAP2K6, PIK3CG, STAT1 | Cellular Growth and Proliferation and Development; Cellular Immune Response; Cytokine Signaling; Pathogen-Influenced Signaling | 1.60E-03 |
| Dendritic Cell Maturation | Up | CD1B, CD1C, CD40, FCGR2B, HLA-DOA, HLA-DRB5, JAK2, PIK3CG, PLCH1, PLCH2, STAT1 | Cellular Immune Response; Cytokine Signaling; Pathogen-Influenced Signaling | 2.83E-03 |
| Type I Diabetes Mellitus Signaling | Up | FAS, HLA-DOA, HLA-DRB5, ICA1, JAK2, MAP2K6, STAT1 | Apoptosis; Disease-Specific Pathways | 1.24E-02 |
| Crosstalk between Dendritic Cell and Natural Killer Cells | Up | CD40, FAS, HLA-DRB5, KIR3DL2, TLN2, TNFSF10 | Cellular Immune Response | 1.48E-02 |
| UVA-Induced MAPK Signaling | Up | PARP12, PARP9, PIK3CG, PLCH1, PLCH2, STAT1 | Cellular Stress and Injury | 2.27E-02 |
| Adrenomedullin Signaling Pathway | Up | ADCY5, GUCY1A1, ITPR2, MAP2K6, PIK3CG, PLCH1, PLCH2, RAMP3, SOX15 | Cardiovascular Signaling; Cellular Growth, Proliferation and Development; Cellular Stress and Injury | 3.35E-02 |
| Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Signaling | Up | CDK2, E2F2, E2F6, JAK2, PIK3CG, STAT1 | Cancer; Disease-Specific Pathways | 3.57E-02 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in B Cell Signaling Pathway | Up | CD40, CD79A, FCGR2B, IFIT2, IFIT3, JAK2, LILRA6, PIK3CG, PLAAT4, STAT1, TNFSF10 | Cellular Immune Response; Disease-Specific Pathways | 4.59E-02 |
| PD-1, PD-L1 Cancer Immunotherapy Pathway2 | Down (z = − 0.82) | CD274, CDK2, HLA-DOA, HLA-DRB5, JAK2, PDCD1LG2, PIK3CG | Cancer; Cellular-Immune Response | 9.74E-03 |
| p53 signaling† | Down (z = − 0.45) | CDK2, FAS, PIK3CG, PML, THBS1, TP53I3 | Cancer; Ingenuity Toxicity List Pathways | 2.27E-02 |
The direction of activation is based on the z-score calculated as females relative to males
†The most affected among the pathways downregulated (− 1 < z-score < 0, p < 0.05) in females relative to males