Table 9. Summary of Biodiesel Production Using Heterogeneous-Catalyzed Transesterification.
| feedstock | catalyst | reaction time (h) | T (°C) | molar ratio | biodiesel yield (%) | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| soybean oil | CaO | 1 | 93 | (141) | ||
| sunflower oil | CaO/SBA-14 | 5 | 160 | 1:12 | 95 | (142) |
| palm oil | CaO/Al2O3 | 5 | 65 | 1:12 | 98.64 | (143) |
| crude palm kernel oil | SO42–/ZrO2 | 1 | 200 | 6:1 | 90.3 | (144) |
| canola oil | nano-g-Al2O3 | 8 | 65 | 15:1 | 97.7 | (145) |
| sunflower oil | WO3/ZrO2 | 5 | 200 | 20:1 | 97 | (146) |
| waste cooking oil | Zn/CaO | 1.4 | 65 | 12:1 | 98.5 | (147) |
| waste cooking oil | CaO | 3 | 65 | 12:1 | 95 | (147) |
| canola oil | KF/Al2O3 | 8 | 65 | 15:1 | 97.7 | (148) |
| canola oil | K2CO3/Al2O3 | 8 | 60 | 15:1 | 97 | (148) |
| RBD palm oil | brick bar ash | 3 | 60 | 12:1 | 88.06 | (149,150) |
| algal oil | CaO | 3 | 70 | 10:1 | 92.03 | (151) |
| algal oil | CaO/Al2O3 | 2 | 50 | 10:3 | 88 | (152) |
| WCO | biochar CaO/Al2O3 | 3.25 | 65 | 18:1 | 98.3 | (153) |
| algal oil | CaO/dolomite catalyst | 3 | 65 | 6:1 | 90 | (154) |
| waste cooking oil | CaO/MgO | 2 | 90 | 15:1 | 96.47 | (155) |
| algal oil | Ca(OH3)2 | 3 | 80 | 30:1 | 99 | (156) |
| waste cooking oil | CaO/MgO | 7.8 | 69.37 | 16.7:1 | 98.37 | (36) |
| sunflower oil | MgO/MgAl2O4 | 3 | 110 | 12:1 | 95 | (157) |