Table 1.
Comprehensive List of Cytokines Implicated in Obesity and Severe COVID-19
| Cytokine/ Chemokine | Concentration in Obesity | Concentration in Severe COVID-19 |
|---|---|---|
| TNF-α (TH1; adipokine, cytotoxic) TNF-β (TH1; cytotoxic) |
Increased TNF-α | Increased TNF-α |
| IL-1 | Increased IL-1β | Increased IL-1β Increased IL-1RA (antiinflammatory) |
| IL-6 (adipokine, cytotoxic) | Increased | Increased |
| IL-8/CXCL8 | Increased | Increased |
| IL-2 (TH1/TH2; cytotoxic) | Unknown | Increased |
| IFN-γ (TH1; cytotoxic) | Increased | Unknown |
| CXCL10/IP-10 | Increased | Increased |
| CXCL9/MIG1 | Increased | Unknown |
| IL-17 | Unknown | Increased |
| IL-7 (cytotoxic) | Unknown | Increased |
| IL-4 (TH2; cytotoxic) | Unknown | Increased |
| IL-9 (TH2) | Unknown | Increased |
| Rantes/CCL5 | Increased | Increased |
| MIP-1α/CCL3 | Increased | Increased |
| MCP-1/CCL2 | Increased | Increased |
| GM-CSF (TH1/TH2) | Unknown | Increased |
| TGF-β | Increased | Increased |
| IL-10 (TH1/TH2; cytotoxic; allergic) | Increased | Increased |
Definition of abbreviations: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease; GM-CSF = granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MCP-1 = monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MIP-1α = macrophage inflammatory protein 1α; TGF-β = transforming growth factor-β; TH1 = T-helper cell type 1.