Table 4.
Association between the prevalence of NCDs and socio-economic factors (logistic regression)
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–29 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 30–39 | 2.662*** | (2.123–3.337) | 2.761*** | (2.194–3.475) | 2.764*** | (2.196–3.478) |
| 40–49 | 13.069*** | (10.510–16.250) | 12.422*** | (9.929–15.542) | 12.537*** | (10.019–15.689) |
| 50–59 | 46.303*** | (37.219–57.603) | 42.104*** | (33.521–52.885) | 42.423*** | (33.764–53.303) |
| ≥ 60 | 149.848*** | (119.820-187.401) | 125.850*** | (98.683-160.496) | 126.621*** | (99.256-161.532) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Male | 0.849*** | (0.759–0.950) | 0.924 | (0.823–1.038) | 0.915 | (0.814–1.029) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Unmarried | 1.543*** | (1.312–1.814) | 1.526*** | (1.296–1.799) | 1.506*** | (1.277–1.775) |
| Education level | ||||||
| Below primary school | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Primary school | 0.877 | (0.723–1.063) | 0.900 | (0.741–1.093) | ||
| Intermediate school | 1.055 | (0.873–1.275) | 1.107 | (0.912–1.344) | ||
| Secondary school | 0.622*** | (0.523–0.740) | 0.654*** | (0.546–0.784) | ||
| Higher education | 0.599*** | (0.497–0.723) | 0.650*** | (0.531–0.795) | ||
| Nationality | ||||||
| Non-Saudi | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Saudi | 1.962*** | (1.697–2.267) | 1.853*** | (1.616–2.125) | 1.921*** | (1.662–2.223) |
| Monthly income (Saudi Riyal) | ||||||
| < 3000 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 3000 to < 5000 | 1.103 | (0.875–1.391) | 1.131 | (0.896–1.427) | ||
| 5000 to < 7000 | 1.074 | (0.849–1.359) | 1.139 | (0.899–1.443) | ||
| 7000 to < 10,000 | 0.803* | (0.637–1.011) | 0.907 | (0.716–1.150) | ||
| 10,000 to < 15,000 | 0.765** | (0.606–0.966) | 0.886 | (0.696–1.127) | ||
| 15,000 to < 20,000 | 0.729** | (0.561–0.947) | 0.868 | (0.661-0.1.139) | ||
| 20,000 to < 30,000 | 0.629*** | (0.469–0.844) | 0.760* | (0.560–1.032) | ||
| ≥ 30,000 | 1.202 | (0.879–1.645) | 1.506** | (1.089–2.083) | ||
| Region | ||||||
| Riyadh | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Albaha | 0.710*** | (0.551–0.914) | 0.688*** | (0.534–0.887) | 0.688*** | (0.533–0.888) |
| Aljouf | 0.543*** | (0.379–0.777) | 0.573*** | (0.403–0.816) | 0.540*** | (0.377–0.773) |
| Aseer | 0.708** | (0.531–0.945) | 0.688** | (0.515–0.918) | 0.664*** | (0.497–0.888) |
| Eastern Region | 0.639*** | (0.510–0.802) | 0.645*** | (0.514–0.809) | 0.636*** | (0.506-0.800) |
| Haiel | 0.545*** | (0.416–0.713) | 0.565*** | (0.432–0.740) | 0.527*** | (0.402–0.691) |
| Jazan | 0.414*** | (0.308–0.556) | 0.421*** | (0.313–0.565) | 0.419*** | (0.312–0.563) |
| Madenah | 0.649*** | (0.505–0.832) | 0.674*** | (0.527–0.862) | 0.641*** | (0.498–0.824) |
| Mekkah | 1.046 | (0.865–1.266) | 1.069 | (0.886–1.291) | 1.028 | (0.849–1.245) |
| Najran | 0.440*** | (0.314–0.616) | 0.412*** | (0.294–0.578) | 0.416*** | (0.297–0.584) |
| Northern border | 0.412*** | (0.280–0.606) | 0.408*** | (0.277–0.602) | 0.374*** | (0.252–0.555) |
| Qassim | 1.263** | (1.023–1.556) | 1.330*** | (1.080–1.636) | 1.243** | (1.006–1.536) |
| Tabuk | 0.797* | (0.619–1.027) | 0.783* | (0.608–1.008) | 0.765** | (0.592–0.987) |
| Constant | 0.033*** | (0.024–0.046) | 0.040*** | (0.029–0.054) | 0.039*** | (0.027–0.055) |
| Observations | 11,527 | 11,527 | 11,527 | |||
| Pseudo R-squared | 0.408 | 0.410 | 0.411 | |||
| Chi-squared | 5901*** | 5922*** | 5954*** | |||
Note. 95 % confidence intervals are in parentheses; Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio; *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1