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. 2021 Jul 15;12:682094. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682094

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Copyright © 2021 Piatek, Tarkowski, Namiecinska, Riva, Wieczorek, Michlewska, Dulska, Domowicz, Kulińska-Michalska, Lewkowicz and Lewkowicz

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Dysfunction of non-stimulated and LPS-stimulated HIV neutrophils. (A) Expression of CD11b and CD18 adhesion molecules on the surface of neutrophils in HIV vs. HCs. The bars represent the mean of fluorescence intensity ± SD (B) Reactive oxygen species production by non- and LPS-stimulated neutrophils. The bars represent the mean of ROS production in Relative Fold Units ± SD. (C) The comparison of the profile of cytokine/chemokine/growth factors released by non-stimulated (left panel) and LPS-stimulated (right panel) neutrophils. The blue line determines the border between up- and down-regulated factors. (D) ICC double labeling for caspase-3 (red pseudocolor) and annexin-V (green) revealed that circulating HIV neutrophils are apoptotic. Additional LPS stimulation does not inhibit neutrophil apoptosis as it takes place in HC neutrophils. Nonspecific fluorescence (signal noise) was electronically diminished to the level when nonspecific signal was undetectable (background). The bars represent average fluorescence intensity ± SD calculated from four patients, using at least 100 single cells for each test.