TABLE 2.
Effects of water‐only fasting on liver function, renal function, plasma electrolytes, and blood‐cell counts
| Mean ± SD | p value | Changes | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0d | 3d | 5d | 8d | 38d | 98d | 0d vs. 5d | 0d vs. 38d | 0d vs. 98d | ∆5d–0d | ∆38d–0d | ∆98d–0d | Reference range | ||
| Liver function | ALT | 20.20 ± 13.82 | 16.56 ± 10.31 | 15.58 ± 7.78 | 15.58 ± 6.68 | 17.72 ± 9.97 | 15.20 ± 9.74 | 0.00689 | 0.18841 | 0.02371 | −4.62 | −2.48 | −5 | 7–45 |
| AST | 23.30 ± 15.73 | 22.82 ± 7.44 | 24.04 ± 8.01 | 22.93 ± 7.32 | 20.30 ± 5.97 | 20.43 ± 4.96 | 0.76919 | 0.20843 | 0.25455 | 0.74 | −3 | −2.87 | 13–40 | |
| GGT | 23.54 ± 14.99 | 22.66 ± 13.10 | 22.31 ± 12.52 | 19.52 ± 9.70 | 21.13 ± 11.87 | 18.42 ± 12.48 | 0.02829 | 0.04005 | 0.00029 | −1.23 | −2.41 | −5.12 | 7–45 | |
| TP | 74.25 ± 3.97 | 77.54 ± 3.70 | 80.14 ± 4.22 | 75.47 ± 4.37 | 73.14 ± 3.51 | 73.86 ± 3.54 | 0.00000 | 0.07762 | 0.53148 | 5.89 | −1.11 | −0.39 | 65–85 | |
| ALB | 46.02 ± 2.69 | 49.00 ± 2.47 | 50.18 ± 2.57 | 47.04 ± 3.13 | 45.23 ± 2.83 | 45.42 ± 2.77 | 0.00000 | 0.03758 | 0.12334 | 4.16 | −0.79 | −0.6 | 40–55 | |
| PALB | 0.31 ± 0.06 | 0.27 ± 0.06 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.29 ± 0.05 | 0.31 ± 0.05 | 0.32 ± 0.06 | 0.00000 | 0.89447 | 0.06379 | −0.07 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.25–0.40 | |
| Renal function | TBA | 4.36 ± 4.30 | 1.88 ± 3.36 | 1.88 ± 2.85 | 3.35 ± 4.57 | 4.00 ± 2.81 | 3.60 ± 2.67 | 0.00101 | 0.57131 | 0.31397 | −2.48 | −0.36 | −0.76 | 0.10–10 |
| CG | 1.71 ± 0.82 | 1.35 ± 1.92 | 1.20 ± 1.15 | 1.59 ± 2.60 | 1.59 ± 0.54 | 1.61 ± 0.54 | 0.00070 | 0.16492 | 0.34285 | −0.51 | −0.12 | −0.1 | 0.10–2.70 | |
| UA | 365.80 ± 107.94 | 627.07 ± 121.27 | 787.85 ± 142.28 | 452.20 ± 160.82 | 347.73 ± 102.05 | 332.39 ± 117.77 | 0.00000 | 0.01767 | 0.01234 | 422.05 | −18.07 | −33.41 | 155–357 | |
| CREA | 62.30 ± 12.74 | 68.00 ± 12.60 | 70.61 ± 14.10 | 69.38 ± 14.64 | 64.18 ± 13.13 | 63.02 ± 12.68 | 0.00000 | 0.04866 | 0.51724 | 8.31 | 1.88 | 0.72 | 41–81 | |
| BUN | 6.06 ± 1.55 | 6.85 ± 1.82 | 5.82 ± 1.65 | 3.70 ± 1.52 | 4.91 ± 1.02 | 4.97 ± 1.34 | 0.31795 | 0.00003 | 0.00003 | −0.24 | −1.15 | −1.09 | 2.86–7.14 | |
| Plasma electrolytes | Na | 141.16 ± 1.44 | 139.44 ± 1.72 | 138.69 ± 1.71 | 142.05 ± 1.76 | 141.73 ± 1.79 | 141.48 ± 1.33 | 0.00000 | 0.01198 | 0.10420 | −2.47 | 0.57 | 0.32 | 137–147 |
| Cl | 103.36 ± 1.52 | 99.72 ± 1.78 | 99.05 ± 2.42 | 103.18 ± 2.35 | 104.72 ± 2.06 | 104.08 ± 2.07 | 0.00000 | 0.00003 | 0.03100 | −4.31 | 1.36 | 0.72 | 96–108 | |
| K | 4.28 ± 0.27 | 4.46 ± 0.28 | 4.40 ± 0.34 | 4.00 ± 0.75 | 4.29 ± 0.31 | 4.21 ± 0.26 | 0.07598 | 0.98684 | 0.15999 | 0.12 | 0.01 | −0.07 | 3.50–5.30 | |
| Ca | 2.42 ± 0.06 | 2.47 ± 0.09 | 2.48 ± 0.09 | 2.52 ± 0.09 | 2.39 ± 0.09 | 2.40 ± 0.10 | 0.00002 | 0.02916 | 0.16725 | 0.06 | −0.03 | −0.02 | 2.11–2.52 | |
| Mg | 0.89 ± 0.05 | 0.91 ± 0.07 | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.89 ± 0.06 | 0.93 ± 0.05 | 0.95 ± 0.06 | 0.00738 | 0.00000 | 0.00000 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.75–1.02 | |
| Blood routine | WBC | 5.77 ± 1.68 | 5.68 ± 1.51 | 5.80 ± 1.67 | 4.64 ± 1.19 | 5.48 ± 1.37 | 5.56 ± 1.52 | 0.90550 | 0.09298 | 0.38415 | 0.03 | −0.29 | −0.21 | 3.50–9.50 |
| Lymphocytes | 1.87 ± 0.53 | 1.44 ± 0.46 | 1.74 ± 0.52 | 1.85 ± 0.51 | 1.90 ± 0.53 | 1.81 ± 0.57 | 0.06642 | 0.54063 | 0.34875 | −0.13 | 0.03 | −0.06 | 1.10–3.20 | |
| Monocytes | 0.40 ± 0.12 | 0.34 ± 0.13 | 0.44 ± 0.17 | 0.38 ± 0.13 | 0.41 ± 0.13 | 0.41 ± 0.13 | 0.13226 | 0.88017 | 0.88017 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.10–0.60 | |
| Eosinophil granulocytes | 0.11 ± 0.08 | 0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.06 ± 0.05 | 0.09 ± 0.06 | 0.12 ± 0.08 | 0.12 ± 0.08 | 0.00000 | 0.35960 | 0.62520 | −0.05 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02–0.52 | |
| Neutrophil granulocytes | 3.36 ± 1.13 | 3.81 ± 1.25 | 3.53 ± 1.21 | 2.30 ± 0.80 | 3.01 ± 0.87 | 3.19 ± 1.07 | 0.32400 | 0.00785 | 0.41451 | 0.17 | −0.35 | −0.17 | 1.80–6.30 | |
| Basophil granulocytes | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.07890 | 0.36094 | 0.36094 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00–0.60 | |
| reticulocytes | 70.60 ± 24.39 | 67.50 ± 23.52 | 61.31 ± 22.32 | 37.94 ± 14.53 | 67.92 ± 19.58 | 57.43 ± 23.57 | 0.00022 | 0.33304 | 0.00001 | −9.29 | −2.68 | −13.17 | 17–70.1 | |
| RBC | 4.60 ± 0.49 | 4.88 ± 0.49 | 5.03 ± 0.51 | 4.73 ± 0.50 | 4.48 ± 0.46 | 4.57 ± 0.45 | 0.00000 | 0.01919 | 0.38884 | 0.43 | −0.12 | −0.03 | 3.80–5.10 | |
| HGB | 140.51 ± 17.72 | 148.24 ± 17.56 | 153.68 ± 18.55 | 143.78 ± 16.95 | 137.95 ± 17.63 | 141.56 ± 18.30 | 0.00000 | 0.09092 | 0.39672 | 13.17 | −2.56 | 1.05 | 115–150 | |
| Platelets | 266.95 ± 88.35 | 282.71 ± 88.14 | 281.24 ± 93.83 | 255.96 ± 91.43 | 265.34 ± 81.91 | 272.95 ± 86.46 | 0.02036 | 0.74669 | 0.24557 | 14.29 | −1.61 | 6 | 125–350 | |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transerese; GGT, gamma‐glutamyltranst; TP, total protein; ALB, albumin; PALB: prealbumin;TBA, total bile acid; CG, cholyglycine; UA, uric acid; CREA, creatinine; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Na, sodium; Cl, chlorine; K, kalium; Ca, calcium; Mg, magnesium; WBC, white blood cell; RBC, red blood cell; HGB, hemoglobin.