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Cartilage-thickness measurement. (a) Example manual thickness measurement using 10 anatomical landmarks obtained by drawing a normal line between cartilage–bone interface and the synovial space, shown with yellow arrows. (b) Automatically segmented cartilage. (c) Distance map obtained from the segmented image shown in (b). Red pixels, cartilage boundary, used during the calculation of mean cartilage thickness. White rectangle, zoomed-in region for improved display.
