Table 7.

Performance comparison on the modified national institute of standards and technology (MNIST) database.

Reference	Features Extraction Method	Classifier (s)	Execution Time (s)	Accuracy (%)
Kamble et al. [39]	R-HOG	FFANN	0.05	99.134
Kamble et al. [39]	R-HOG	SVM	0.07	98.953
Su et al. [40]	HOG	SVM	0.06	98.400
Tian et al. [41]	HOG	SVM	0.06	98.400
Boukharouba et al. [42]	CCH	SVM	0.06	99.050
Niu et al. [44]	CNN	CNN + SVM	0.07	99.614
Proposed	HOG	ANN	0.05	99.482