Table 2. Characteristics and treatment of hospitalized patients by quintiles of social deprivation index.
| Overall N = 9,136 | Social Deprivation Index Quintiles | P valuea | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 (socially advantaged) N = 309 | Quintile 2 N = 386 | Quintile 3 N = 851 | Quintile 4 N = 1,668 | Quintile 5 (socially disadvantaged) N = 5,922 | |||
| Location prior to admission, No. (%) | |||||||
| Facilities (e.g., other hospital) | 826 (9.0) | 7 (2.3) | 6 (1.6) | 10 (1.2) | 76 (4.6) | 728 (12.3) | <0.001* |
| Other (e.g., home) | 8,310 (91.0) | 302 (97.7) | 380 (98.4) | 841 (98.8) | 1,592 (95.4) | 5,195 (87.7) | <0.001* |
| Discharge status (%) | |||||||
| Discharged alive | 7,526 (82.4) | 280 (90.6) | 324 (83.9) | 744 (87.4) | 1,392 (83.4) | 4,786 (80.8) | <0.001* |
| Died in hospital | 1,610 (17.6) | 29 (9.4) | 62 (16.1) | 107 (12.6) | 276 (16.6) | 1,136 (19.2) | <0.001* |
| Laboratory Results, median (IQR) and N | |||||||
| Venous lactate (mmol/L) | 1.6 (1.2–2.3), 3,284 | 1.5 (1.1–1.9), 85 | 1.4 (1.0–1.9), 131 | 1.5 (1.2–1.9), 274 | 1.6 (1.1–2.1), 498 | 1.7 (1.2–2.4), 2,296 | 0.01* |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.0 (0.8–1.6), 7,116 | 1.0 (0.8–1.4), 279 | 1.0 (0.7–1.3), 357 | 1.0 (0.8–1.4), 695 | 1.0 (0.8–1.5), 1,353 | 1.1 (0.8–1.7), 4,432 | <0.001* |
| White blood cell count (×103 cells/μL) | 7.4 (5.4–10.2), 7,295 | 6.7 (4.7–9.5), 287 | 7.3 (5.5–9.7), 366 | 7.1 (5.3–9.8), 720 | 7.1 (5.2–10.1), 1,390 | 7.6 (5.6–10.4), 4,532 | <0.001* |
| Lymphocyte count (×103 cells/μL) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4), 6,653 | 0.8 (0.6–1.2), 236 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3), 301 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3), 620 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3), 1,253 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4), 4,243 | <0.001* |
| Platelet count (×103 cells/μL) | 204 (157–270), 7,277 | 195 (143–272), 287 | 210 (160–274), 365 | 207 (158–267), 719 | 204 (160–270), 1,387 | 204 (156–271), 4,519 | 0.12 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5), 6,721 | 0.5 (0.3–0.6), 258 | 0.4 (0.3–0.5), 333 | 0.4 (0.3–0.6), 642 | 0.4 (0.3–0.6), 1,275 | 0.4 (0.4–0.5), 4,213 | <0.001* |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 42 (28–67), 6,549 | 43 (30–65), 247 | 42 (31–61), 314 | 43 (28–66), 625 | 43 (28–70), 1,241 | 42 (28–67), 4,122 | 0.29 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 31 (20–52), 6,697 | 32 (21–52), 257 | 32 (22–48), 332 | 32 (19–54), 637 | 33 (21–56), 1,267 | 30 (19–50), 4,204 | 0.12 |
| Creatine kinase (U/L) | 156 (75–364), 4,188 | 153 (71–335), 165 | 142 (62–317), 203 | 141 (64–309), 388 | 154 (76–367), 749 | 162 (78–387), 2,683 | 0.24 |
| Prothrombin time (s) | 13.5 (12.4–14.8), 4,738 | 13.4 (12.3–15.1), 209 | 13.6 (12.4–15.3), 250 | 13.3 (12.3–14.6), 512 | 13.3 (12.2–14.6), 984 | 13.6 (12.6–14.8), 2,783 | 0.18 |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 19 (9–47), 1,700 | 14 (8–33), 70 | 17 (9–40), 92 | 17 (9–45), 150 | 18 (9–36), 317 | 21 (9–50), 1,071 | 0.14 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 104 (47–173), 5,691 | 100 (54–157), 227 | 102 (49–162), 274 | 105 (43–170), 584 | 100 (48–161), 1,103 | 106 (47–178), 3,503 | 0.20 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 663 (319–1,389), 5,429 | 619 (312–1,267), 208 | 612 (296–1218), 262 | 693 (303–1508), 557 | 658 (315–1,371), 1,054 | 665 (326–1403), 3,348 | 0.38 |
| D-dimer (μg/mL) | 1.3 (0.6–3.3), 1,710 | 1.0 (0.4–2.6), 52 | 0.7 (0.3–1.8), 47 | 0.7 (0.4–2.3) 113 | 1.0 (0.5–2.8), 228 | 1.5 (0.7–3.6), 1,270 | 0.01* |
| Cardiac troponin T (ng/L) | 21 (10–70), 1,631 | 14 (9–33), 4 | 18 (8–50), 8 | 16 (9–44), 25 | 18 (10–60), 112 | 21 (10–70), 1,482 | 0.39 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.2 (0.1–0.6), 4,444 | 0.2 (0.1–0.5), 174 | 0.3 0.1–0.7), 232 | 0.2 (0.1–0.5), 475 | 0.2 (0.1–0.5), 908 | 0.2 (0.1–0.6), 2,655 | 0.28 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 3.6 (3.1–3.9), 6,777 | 3.7 (3.3–4.1), 263 | 3.8 (3.4–4.1), 343 | 3.7 (3.3–4.0), 654 | 3.5 (3.0–3.9), 1,288 | 3.5 (3.1–3.9), 4,229 | <0.001* |
| Red blood cell distribution width (%) | 13.8 (13.0–15.0), 7,292 | 13.7 (12.9–15.0), 287 | 13.6 (12.9–14.7), 366 | 13.7 (12.9–14.8), 720 | 13.8 (13.0–15.0), 1,388 | 13.9 (13.1–15.1), 4,531 | 0.06 |
| Neutrophil count (×103 cells/μL) | 5.6 (3.9–8.2), 6,635 | 5.2 (3.5–7.7), 236 | 5.3 (3.8–7.6), 301 | 5.3 (3.7–7.8), 621 | 5.4 (3.7–8.0), 1,248 | 5.8 (4.0–8.4), 4,229 | 0.004* |
| Treatment and procedures | |||||||
| Length of stay, median (IQR) | 7 (4–12) | 7 (4–14) | 8 (4–12) | 7 (4–13) | 7 (4–12) | 7 (4–12) | 0.20 |
| ICU care, No. (%) | 1,302 (14.3) | 62 (20.1) | 76 (19.7) | 146 (17.2) | 310 (18.6) | 708 (12.0) | <0.001* |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation, No. (%) | 1,301 (14.4) | 31 (10.0) | 53 (13.7) | 103 (12.1) | 259 (15.5) | 855 (14.4) | 0.03 |
| Respiratory Ventilation, Less than 24 Consecutive Hours, No. (%) | 162 (1.8) | 4 (1.3) | 5 (1.3) | 11 (1.3) | 28 (1.7) | 114 (1.9) | 0.43 |
| Respiratory Ventilation, 24–96 Consecutive Hours, No. (%) | 230 (2.5) | 2 (0.7) | 9 (2.3) | 19 (2.2) | 44 (2.6) | 156 (2.6) | 0.03 |
| Respiratory Ventilation, Greater than 96 Consecutive Hours, No. (%) | 785 (8.6) | 25 (8.1) | 39 (10.1) | 71 (8.3) | 180 (10.8) | 470 (7.9) | 0.95 |
| Renal replacement therapy, No. (%) | 393 (4.3) | 12 (3.9) | 16 (4.2) | 28 (3.3) | 72 (4.3) | 265 (4.5) | 0.63 |
| Vasopressor use, No. (%) | 1,201 (13.2) | 40 (12.9) | 61 (15.8) | 118 (13.9) | 259 (15.5) | 723 (12.2) | 0.72 |
| Hydroxychloroquine, No. (%) | 2,050 (22.4) | 10 (3.2) | 11 (2.9) | 86 (10.1) | 197 (11.6) | 1,750 (29.6) | <0.001* |
| Steroid, No. (%) | 1,538 (16.8) | 41 (13.3) | 54 (14.0) | 121 (14.2) | 231 (13.9) | 1,091 (18.4) | <0.001* |
| Discharge destinations, No. (%) | |||||||
| Home | 3,510 (46.6) | 77 (27.5) | 102 (31.5) | 325 (43.7) | 612 (44.0) | 2,394 (50.0) | <0.001* |
| Hospice | 192 (2.6) | 7 (2.5) | 8 (2.5) | 22 (3.0) | 44 (3.2) | 111 (2.3) | 0.84 |
| Other acute inpatient hospital | 23 (0.3) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (0.4) | 4 (0.3) | 14 (0.3) | 0.84 |
| Long-term care facilities/rehab | 1,943 (25.8) | 91 (32.5) | 112 (34.5) | 160 (21.5) | 350 (25.1) | 1,230 (25.7) | 0.008* |
| Other | 1,858 (24.7) | 104 (37.1) | 101 (31.2) | 234 (31.5) | 382 (27.4) | 1,037 (21.7) | <0.001* |
Notes
a P values were calculated by comparing patients from quintile 1 areas and those from quintile 5 areas using χ2 test for categorical variables or Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables. IQR: interquartile range.
* indicates FDR q-value < 0.05.