Table 12. Novelty aspect analysis by comparing of ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal uses of indigenous plants from Dawarian and Rati Gali, AJK (Pakistan).

S. No.	Species name	Already reported traditional ethnomedicinal uses	Newly reported ethnomedicinal uses
1	Acer cappadocicum Gled.	It is used as a fuel (Sher et al., 2011).	It is used as ethnomedicine to cure diabetes, dysentery and diarrhea.
2	Ajuga bracteosa Wall.	It is used for blood purification as cited by (Hussain et al., 2006). Used to treat abdominal pain as cited by (Ahmad et al., 2011).	The flower powder is used for cure of diabetes. The root tea is used for killing of stomach worms. Paste of leaf helpful to cure headache.
3	Ajuga parviflora Benth.	Nil	The plant leaf extract is used for cure of typhoid and malaria. The root decoction is used for cure of chronic fever and chest pains
4	Allium griffithianum Boiss.	It is used to cure cough as cited by (Khan et al., 2015).	It is used to cure fever. It is used as tonic for early digestion of food.
5	Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur MUH-1779	Leaves are used as food as cited by (Mahmood et al., 2011).	Root is used for the treatment of joints pain and tonic as wormicidal.
6	Actaea spicata L. MUH-1780	Nil	The leaf extract is used for curing of nerve infirmities, joints inflammation, leucorrhea and rheumatism.
7	Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook. MUH-1781	It is used as fuel as cited by (Sher et al., 2011).	The root powder is used for treatment of rheumatic pains. The bark extract is used for curing of headache.
8	Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle MUH-1782	Roots are used to treat fever and vomiting as cited by (Hazrat et al., 2011). Used to treat fever as cited by (Kumar et al., 2009).	The root decoction is used as expectorant and febrifuge agent. The bark powder is used for cure of inflammation and chronic joints pains.
9	Abies pindrow Royle. MUH-1783	Nil	The paste of the leaf is applied on cuts wounds bruises to get rid of bacteria and germs. The root tea is used for cure of asthma and cough. Seeds decoction is used for treating fever, hyperglycemia and bronchitis.
10	Achillea millefolium L. MUH-1784	Nil	Paste prepared from this plant is used in stanching the flow of blood from wounds. Leaves are chewed to treat teeth pain. Leaf juice is poured in ear to treat ear pain. Plant is also used to treat T.B., stomach disorder and fever in form of Tea.
11	Artemisia japonica Thunb. MUH-1785	Nil.	The juice of leaves is used for cough and asthma.
12	Anaphalis triplinervis Clarke MUH-1786	Nil	The leaf decoction is used in cure of epilepsy. The whole plant paste is used for treating of animal feet diseases as ethnoveterinary medicines.
13	Artemisia macrophylla Fisch. ex Besser MUH-1787	Nil	The root powder is used for cure of brunt wounds. The flower is used to make admixture of flower with sugar and is used for cure of body tonic
14	Astragalus graveolens Benth. MUH-1788	Nil.	Leaf is used for cure of wounds. Fruit is eatable and used as antioxidant agent.
15	Ajuga parviflora Benth MUH-1789	Nil.	It is used as fodder.
16	Adiantum aethiopicum L. MUH-1790	Nil	Juice of leaves is used for the treatment of chest burning, stomachache and blood purification.
17	Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott MUH-1791	Tubers are appied over wound of snake bite as cited by (Swarnkar and Katewa, 2008).	The roots are used as wormicide. The extract of leaf is used to cure cattle worms and stomach issues.
18	Astragalus chlorostachys Bunge MUH-1792	Nil	The plant is used as fodder for the livestock and cattle.
19	Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. MUH-1793	Nil	Extracts of leaves is used as earaches relieve while roots are used as a tonic in treatment of fevers, diarrhoea and pulmonary affections.
20	Berberis lycium Royle MUH-1795	Decoction of roots is used to treat internal wounds especially bone fractures as cited by (Mahmood et al., 2011).	Dried leaves are used for the treatment of headache, stomachache, joints pain and toothache.
21	Bistorta amplexicaulis (D.Don) Greene MUH-1796	Plant is used for making tea as cited by (Qureshi et al., 2007).	Dried root is used as tea to cure stomachache. The herbaceous roots are tonic for enhancing of cow milk. The root decoction is used for cure of toothache.
22	Buddleja crispa Benth. MUH-1797	Plant is used as fuel as cited by (Irfan et al., 2018).	The root infusion is used for curing wound healing by increasing platelets. Its leaf extract is used for inflammation and analgesic purpose.
23	Buxus wallichiana Baill. MUH-1798	Nil	Dried leaves are used in the treatment of joints pain and muscles pain.
24	Convolvulus arvensis L. MUH-1799	It is used as fodder as cited by (Zabiullah et al., 2006).	Leaf is used as vegetable which is purgative and laxative. The stem paste is used for treating of joints pain
25	Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. MUH-1800	Nil	Powdered form mix with water is used as tonic.
26	Campanula pallida Wall. MUH-1801	Nil	The root decoction is used for treating scabies.
27	Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk. MUH-1802	Plant powder is used as laxative as cited by (Amjad et al., 2015).	The foliar past is applied on abscess to remove pus. It is also use in asthma.
28	Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. MUH-1803	Nil	Juice of the whole plant used to increase the length of hairs and make strong. Its decoction is used in jaundice and cure of spleen disorders. The infusion is used for treating urinary issues.
29	Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don MUH-1804	Oil of wood is used for skin diseases as cited by (Ishtiaq et al., 2013).	Oil of wood is used for toothache. Wood is also used as fuel. The leaf decoction is used for treating of piles. The root burnt used to cure epilepsy.
30	Corylus colurna L. MUH-1806	Nil	The leaf extract is used as antioxidant. Leaf extract is useful as cure of snake poison.
31	Corydalis vaginans Royle MUH-1807	Nil	The sap of the plant is used in the treatment of eye diseases.
32	Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl. MUH-1808	Nil	The leaf decoction is used for treating of diarrhoea. The root powder is used as effective to cure wounds.
33	Corydalis govaniana Wall. MUH-1809	Nil	Juice of leaves is used for the treatment of fever and skin problem.
34	Caltha alba Cambess. MUH-1810	Nil	Dried powdered or juice of this plant is used to reduce muscle pain and sedative.
35	Cenchrus pennisetiformis Steud. MUH-1811	Used as fodder for cattle as cited by (Chaudhari et al., 2013).	The leaf extract is used for cure of bacterial infections. It is used as fodder for cattle and rodents.
36	Clinopodium vulgare L. MUH-1812	Nil	A sweet and aromatic herb tea is made from the fresh leaf for cure of headache and migraine pain.
37	Erysimum hieraciifolium L. f. MUH-1814	Nil	The leaf decoction is used for cure of foot rot. The root infusion is used for treatment of pimples and bruises on legs.
38	Erysimum hedgeanum Al-Shehbaz MUH-1815	Nil	The juice of whole plant is use to kill lices in animals.
39	Euonymus hemsleyanus Loes. MUH-1816	Nil	The leaf decoction is used as tonic for hair growth. It is used as fodder cattle and rodents.
40	Elsholtzia strobilifera (Benth.) Benth. MUH-1817	Nil	The root infusion is used for treating indigestion, flatulence and diarrhea. The stem bark is used for cure of pharyngitis disorders.
41	Fragaria nubicola Lacaita MUH-1818	Fruit is edible as cited by (Qureshi et al., 2007).	The leaf decoction is used for curing of blemishes infirmities. The fruit extract with milk is used for damaged and broken nerve disorders..
42	Geranium rotundifolium L. MUH-1819	The dried roots were grinded, sugar and milk are added in it, and then used for pain relief of joints as cited by (Ahmed et al., 2013).	The dried roots were grinded, sugar and milk are added in it, and then used for pain relief of joints. The root decoction is used to cure epilepsy
43	Geranium villosum Ten. MUH-1820	Nil	It is used as food for cure of edema.
44	Gerbera gossypina (Royle) Beauverd MUH-1821	Nil	Root paste is applied to wounds to control bleeding.
45	Hylotelephium ewersii (Ledeb.) H.Ohba MUH-1822	Nil	It is believed to be having cooling effect if the juice of the leaves mix with water and drink.
46	Indigofera heterantha Brandis MUH-1824	Shoots are used as fodder, branches as ropes, brooms and fuel as cited by (Hazrat et al., 2011).	The leaf decoction is used for cure of stomach disorder and abdominal pains.
47	Isodon rugosus (Wall.) Codd MUH-1825	Nil	Juice of the leaves is used for stomachache.
48	Juniperus communis Brand. MUH-1827	Nil	The decoction of root is used for cure of inflammation and diarrhea. The leaf extract is used as microbicide and antiseptic.
49	Lespedeza juncea (L.f.) Pers. MUH-1828	Nil	The decoction of root is used as cure of diarrhea and dysentery. The leaf tea is used for stomach pains.
50	Ligularia thomsonii Clarke. MUH-1829	Nil	Dried root or powdered of root is used in the treatment of asthma, stimulate blood flow, reduce inflammation and stopping cough.
51	Mentha longifolia L. MUH-1830	Used to cure stomach disorders as cited by (Kilic et al., 2013).	Shoot is used for gas trouble. Juice of leaves expels worms from the stomach. It is also as condiment.
52	Matricaria chamomilla L. MUH-1831	Nil	Root powder is used for toothache. The leaf decoction is used in relief of fever and inflammation.
53	Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. MUH-1833	Nil	Leaf decoction is used as cure of inflammation reducer of legs and broken joints.
54	Oxalis corniculata L. MUH-1834	Nil	Juice of leaves and flowers mixed together is used for the treatment of eyes.
55	Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) Kunze MUH-1835	Nil	It is used as vegetable. Dried root or powdered root is used for the treatment of asthma and flu.
56	Onosma bracteata Wall. MUH-1837	Leaf infusion is taken for stomachache as cited by (Rashid et al., 2018).	Powder of dry root is used against asthma and bronchitis. Decoction of leaf is given in stomach and bladder irritation.
57	Origanum vulgare L. MUH-1838	Nil	It is used for muscles pain, cold and toothache. It is also as vegetable and fodder.
58	Polygala chinensis L. MUH-1839	Nil	This plant is used for treatment of snake bites.
59	Pedicularis brevifolia D.Don MUH-1841	Nil	Powdered leaf is used for the treatment of cough, fever, asthma and skin disease. Dried or powdered root is used for the treatment of stomachache.
60	Primula denticulata Sm. MUH-1842	Nil	Juice of stem is used for eye diseases.
61	Podophyllum hexandrum Royle MUH-1843	Nil	Powdered leaf is used in the treatment of asthma. It is also used to reduce bulb in throat.
62	Populus alba L. MUH-1844	Used as a fuel as cited by (Khan and Khatoon, 2007).	The leaf decoction is used to cure gout, joint pain and arthritis. The root infusion is used for backbone and lumber pains.
63	Plantago lanceolata L. MUH-1845	Nil	The root tea is used for cure of cold, flu and fever. The bark extract is employed is used for cure of debility and body general weakness.
64	Persicaria mitis (Schrank) Holub MUH-1846	Nil	Tea is made by root which help to reduce the joints pain.
65	Podophyllum emodi Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson MUH-1848	Nil	The root tea is used to cure colds, fever and cough. The bark powder is used for cure of wounds.
66	Pinus wallichiana A.B.Jacks. MUH-1849	Wood is used for construction purposes, seeds are edible and cones are used as fuel as cited by (Sinha, 2019).	Smell of resin reduce severe cough. Powder of leaf and bark used with cold water useful for dysentery.
67	Pinus roxburghii Sarg. MUH-1850	Wood is used for furniture and fuel as cited by (Zabiuhullah, 2006).	Powder of leaf and bark is used with cold water for dysentery. Smoke is used to repel the mosquitoes and other insects.
68	Rosa macrophylla Lindl. MUH-1851	Nil	Fruit is used in fever to cure from it.
69	Rheum emodi Wall. MUH-1852	Leaves are used as vegetable as cited by (Khan et al., 2015).	The powdered root and stem mix together with hot water to relieve constipation.
70	Rubus niveus subsp. horsfieldii (Miq.) Focke MUH-1853	Nil	The leaf decoction is used for cure of debility and menstrual disorders. The root extract is used to treat eye problems.
71	Rheum australe D. Don MUH-1854	Leaves are used as vegetable and root is used to treat wounds as cited by (Mahmood et al., 2011).	Paste of root is used for wound healing.
72	Rhus succedanea L. MUH-1855	Used as fuel as cited by (Mahmood et al., 2011).	The root extract is used as antidote for scorpion sting. The root infusion is applied for as febrifuge and antivinous.
73	Sorghum halepense Pers. MUH-1859	Used as fodder as cited by (Ahmad et al., 2011).	Juice of root is used for the asthma.
74	Senecio chrysanthemoides DC. MUH-1860	Nil	Leaf decoction is used for cure of rashes and bruises. Root paste us used for scorpion sting antidote.
75	Skimmia laureola Franch. MUH-1861	Nil	Tea is made by dry leaves which is very effective in joints pain, muscles pain, stomach pain and bone pain. Powdered leaves also used in deserts.
76	Symplocos paniculata (Thunb.) Miq. MUH-1863	Nil	Powdered leaf is used in the treatment of menorrhagia, eye disease.
77	Sarcococca saligna Müll.Arg. MUH-1864	Nil	Powdered leaf is used in constipation, blood purification and muscles relaxation.
78	Satyrium nepalense D.Don MUH-1865	Used as tonic and to cure dysentery and malaria as cited by (Pant and Samant, 2010).	Tubers are used as tonic and to cure dysentery and malaria fever.
79	Scutellaria linearis Benth. MUH-1866	Nil	Powdered leaf is used to reduce inflammation and diarrhea.
80	Swertia paniculata Wall. MUH-1867	Nil	Leaf extract is used to cure hepatic disorders. The root decoction is used to treat diabetes.
81	Solidago capitata Fisch. ex Herder MUH-1868	Nil	Powdered plant is used to heal wounds.
82	Thymus linearis Benth. MUH-1869	Nil	Tea is made by this plant which help to reduce fats in body, abdominal pain and gas trouble.
83	Taxus baccata L. MUH-1870	Nil	The leaf extract is used to treat cold and fever. The root powder is used for treatment of cough and chest pains. It is also used for preparation of taxol medicines.
84	Viola biflora L. MUH-1872	Nil	Leaves are used as vegetables. Tea is made by dry leaf which helps in cough headache and flu.
85	Viscum album L. MUH-1875	Nil	Powdered leaves are used in the treatment of cough and asthma.
86	Valeriana jatamansi Jones MUH-1876	Nil	Powdered root is used for the treatment of joints pain. It is also used in sweet dishes.
87	Viola canescens Wall. MUH-1877	Flowers and leaves are used to treat cough as cited by (Gilani at al., 2006).	Powder of leaf and flowers is given internally in the treatment of coughs and asthma.
88	Wulfenia amherstiana Benth. MUH-1878	Nil.	Root decoction us used to cure kidney disorders.