Table 2. Most significant associations for medications acquired in the 35 days preceding the index date in two matched cohorts.
| ATC code and class | Use in case | Use in contr. | Case % | Contr. % |
Odds ratio (95% conf. int.) |
p-Value | FDR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (A) Cohort 1 (N = 6530 hospitalization cases, N=32,650 controls taken from the general population) | |||||||
| C10AA07 Rosuvastatin |
328 | 2380 | 5.02 | 7.29 | 0.673 (0.596 to 0.758) | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| C10AX09 Ezetimibe |
73 | 740 | 1.12 | 2.27 | 0.488 (0.377 to 0.622) | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| A16AX30 Ubiquinone (CoQ-10) |
6 | 165 | 0.09 | 0.51 | 0.181 (0.065 to 0.403) | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| C01BC04 Flecainide |
7 | 116 | 0.11 | 0.36 | 0.301 (0.118 to 0.641) | 0.00039 | 0.005 |
| J07AL02 Pneumococcus vaccine conjugate |
21 | 220 | 0.32 | 0.67 | 0.476 (0.288 to 0.746) | 0.00049 | 0.006 |
| C09BA05 Ramipril-hydrochlorothiazide |
127 | 859 | 1.95 | 2.63 | 0.734 (0.603 to 0.887) | 0.00099 | 0.011 |
| A10BD07 Sitagliptin-metformin |
243 | 1501 | 3.72 | 4.60 | 0.802 (0.696 to 0.922) | 0.00159 | 0.017 |
| C10AA03 Pravastatin |
52 | 385 | 0.80 | 1.18 | 0.673 (0.493 to 0.902) | 0.00659 | 0.060 |
| N06AB10 Escitalopram |
216 | 1302 | 3.31 | 3.99 | 0.824 (0.708 to 0.955) | 0.00930 | 0.078 |
| M01AC01 Piroxicam |
24 | 205 | 0.37 | 0.63 | 0.584 (0.365 to 0.894) | 0.00980 | 0.082 |
| C09CA06 Candesartan |
65 | 451 | 1.00 | 1.38 | 0.718 (0.544 to 0.934) | 0.01237 | 0.100 |
| M05BA07 Risedronic acid |
56 | 396 | 0.86 | 1.21 | 0.705 (0.522 to 0.935) | 0.01319 | 0.103 |
| G04CB02 Dutasteride |
30 | 240 | 0.46 | 0.74 | 0.623 (0.411 to 0.914) | 0.01367 | 0.105 |
| A11CC05 Cholecalciferol |
660 | 3634 | 10.11 | 11.13 | 0.898 (0.821 to 0.980) | 0.01600 | 0.119 |
| C09AA08 Cilazapril |
17 | 153 | 0.26 | 0.47 | 0.554 (0.315 to 0.918) | 0.01743 | 0.124 |
| G04BE08 Tadalafil |
29 | 229 | 0.44 | 0.70 | 0.632 (0.413 to 0.933) | 0.01862 | 0.132 |
| S01ED61 Timolol-travoprost |
8 | 90 | 0.12 | 0.28 | 0.444 (0.186 to 0.913) | 0.02068 | 0.142 |
| A10BH01 Sitagliptin |
33 | 250 | 0.51 | 0.77 | 0.658 (0.443 to 0.950) | 0.02461 | 0.162 |
| J07BB02 Influenza vaccine inac |
392 | 2205 | 6.00 | 6.75 | 0.882 (0.787 to 0.986) | 0.02548 | 0.165 |
| N06DX02 Ginkgo folium |
2 | 42 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.238 (0.028 to 0.915) | 0.02552 | 0.165 |
| A12CC04 Magnesium citrate |
31 | 237 | 0.48 | 0.73 | 0.652 (0.433 to 0.952) | 0.02597 | 0.166 |
| A10BK01 Dapagliflozin |
35 | 255 | 0.54 | 0.78 | 0.685 (0.466 to 0.978) | 0.03283 | 0.193 |
| (B) Cohort 2 (N = 6953 hospitalization cases, N=13,906 controls taken from patients SARS-CoV-2 positive) | |||||||
| C10AA07 Rosuvastatin |
354 | 950 | 5.09 | 6.83 | 0.732 (0.643 to 0.831) | <0.0001 | 0.000 |
| C10AX09 Ezetimibe |
92 | 303 | 1.32 | 2.18 | 0.602 (0.471 to 0.764) | 0.00001 | 0.000 |
| J07AL02 Pneumococcus vaccine conjugate |
20 | 95 | 0.29 | 0.68 | 0.419 (0.245 to 0.685) | 0.00021 | 0.003 |
| M05BA07 Risedronic acid |
47 | 165 | 0.68 | 1.19 | 0.567 (0.400 to 0.789) | 0.00042 | 0.005 |
| A16AX30 Ubiquinone (CoQ-10) |
9 | 56 | 0.13 | 0.40 | 0.321 (0.139 to 0.653) | 0.00052 | 0.006 |
| N06AB10 Escitalopram |
236 | 610 | 3.39 | 4.39 | 0.766 (0.654 to 0.894) | 0.00061 | 0.007 |
| C09BA05 Ramipril-hydrochlorothiazide |
121 | 342 | 1.74 | 2.46 | 0.702 (0.565 to 0.869) | 0.00082 | 0.009 |
| C01BC04 Flecainide |
7 | 43 | 0.10 | 0.31 | 0.325 (0.123 to 0.729) | 0.00253 | 0.023 |
| S01XA40 Hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose (tears) |
67 | 203 | 0.96 | 1.46 | 0.657 (0.490 to 0.871) | 0.00273 | 0.025 |
| A11CC05 Cholecalciferol |
737 | 1669 | 10.60 | 12.00 | 0.869 (0.792 to 0.954) | 0.00280 | 0.025 |
| B01AE07 Dabigatran etexilate |
37 | 124 | 0.53 | 0.89 | 0.595 (0.400 to 0.866) | 0.00543 | 0.042 |
| C09AA08 Cilazapril |
15 | 64 | 0.22 | 0.46 | 0.468 (0.247 to 0.831) | 0.00579 | 0.044 |
| N02CC04 Rizatriptan |
1 | 17 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.118 (0.003 to 0.750) | 0.01065 | 0.075 |
| A12CC04 Magnesium citrate |
33 | 108 | 0.48 | 0.78 | 0.609 (0.399 to 0.908) | 0.01191 | 0.080 |
| S01KA01 Hyaluronic acid (artificial tears) |
5 | 31 | 0.07 | 0.22 | 0.322 (0.098 to 0.836) | 0.01249 | 0.083 |
| C09DB01 Valsartan-amlodipine |
227 | 549 | 3.27 | 3.95 | 0.821 (0.698 to 0.963) | 0.01445 | 0.094 |
| A10BD07 Sitagliptin-metformin |
233 | 560 | 3.35 | 4.03 | 0.826 (0.704 to 0.967) | 0.01721 | 0.108 |
| B03BA51 Vit.B12 combinations |
31 | 100 | 0.45 | 0.72 | 0.618 (0.399 to 0.934) | 0.01979 | 0.119 |
| G03CA03 Estradiol |
18 | 67 | 0.26 | 0.48 | 0.536 (0.300 to 0.914) | 0.02047 | 0.122 |
| C09DA01 Losartan-hydrochlorothiazide |
124 | 315 | 1.78 | 2.27 | 0.783 (0.630 to 0.969) | 0.02424 | 0.140 |
| S01ED01 Timolol |
20 | 70 | 0.29 | 0.50 | 0.570 (0.328 to 0.949) | 0.02492 | 0.143 |
| G04BD12 Mirabegron |
22 | 74 | 0.32 | 0.53 | 0.593 (0.351 to 0.967) | 0.02998 | 0.163 |
| S01XA02 Retinol (eye ointment) |
3 | 21 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.285 (0.054 to 0.956) | 0.03015 | 0.163 |
| Z01CE01 Eye care wipes |
3 | 21 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.285 (0.054 to 0.956) | 0.03015 | 0.163 |
| N06AX12 Bupropion |
6 | 30 | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.399 (0.136 to 0.976) | 0.03385 | 0.177 |
| N06BA04 Methylphenidate |
8 | 36 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.444 (0.178 to 0.972) | 0.03656 | 0.186 |
| A12AX05 Calcium-zinc CD |
0 | 10 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.000 (0.000 to 0.892) | 0.03696 | 0.186 |
| A11JC02 Multivitamins for ocular use |
25 | 81 | 0.36 | 0.58 | 0.616 (0.376 to 0.976) | 0.03827 | 0.191 |
Numbers are of patients from the group who have acquired a medication from the class in the last month before the index date.
p-Values are calculated according to Fisher's exact test. Medications are sorted by increasing order of p-values.
OR: odds ratio; [95% CI]: 95% confidence interval; FDR: false discovery rate calculated according to Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) procedure.
Shown in this table are anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classes for which the p-value is less than 0.05, and for which the FDR is less than 0.20 (about 80% of entries are expected to be true positive).