Table 4.
Chemical constituents of Chongkukjang, Doenjang, and Gochujang.
| Vegetable source | Compounds | References |
|---|---|---|
| Chongkukjang | Poly-γ-glutamic acid | Ratha & Jhon, 2019 |
| Chongkukjang | Genistein, daidzein | (Kim, Song, et al., 2008) |
| Doenjang prepared with different content of garlic (2%, 6%, 10%), and thermal processes (heat-drying and freeze-drying) | Essential amino acids: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, valine. Non-essential amino acids: arginine, proline, tyrosine, glycine, alanine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid. Non-proteinogenic amino acids: ornithine, o-phosphoserine, taurine, sarcosine, l-citrulline, y-aminobutyric acid, ethanolamine, hydroxylysine. | Bahuguna et al. (2019) |
| Doenjang | Amino acids: glutamate, serine, valine, glycine, leucine, phenylalanine | (Chun, Kim, Jeong, & Jeon, 2020) |
| Soybean koji Doenjang | Acids: 2-methylpropanoic acid, acetic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid. Alcohols: 3-methylbutan-1-ol, pentan-1-ol. Carbonyls: benzaldehyde, butane-2,3-dione. Phenols: 2-methoxy phenol. | (Jeong et al., 2020) |
| Doenjang | Daidzein, glycitein, genistein | (Kim & Kim, 2014) |
| Doenjang | Genistein, daidzein, glycitein, genistein | (Kim et al., 2018) |
| Doenjang | Apigenin, soyasaponin A2, trihydroxyflavone, luteolin, daidzein, glycitein, genistein, soyasaponin, soyasaponin I, soyasaponin III, soyasaponin βg | (Kim, Kwak, & Kim, 2020) |
| Doenjang | Daidzein, glycitein, genistein, daidzin-β-glucoside, glycitin- β-glucoside, genistein- β-glucoside, daidzin malonylglucoside, glycitin malonylglucoside, genistein malonylglucoside, daidzin acetylglucoside, glycitin acetylglucoside, genistein acetylglucoside | Kwak, Son, Chung, and Kwon (2015) |
| Doenjang submitted to steaming, drying, meju fermentation, brining, and aging | Isoflavones: malonyldaidzin, malonyglucitin, malonygenistin, acetyldaidzin, acetylglycitin, acetylgenistin, daidzin, glycitin, genistein, daidzein, genistein. Soyasaponins: soyasaponin I–V, soyasaponin γg, soyasaponin γa, soyasaponin Bd, soyasaponin Be | (Lee, Lee, et al., 2014) |
| Doenjang and metabolites in rat plasma | Isoflavones: daidzein, genistein, glycitein, malonyl daidzin, malonyl genistein, malonyl glycitin, acetyl daidzin, acetyl genistein, acetyl glycitin. Isoflavone metabolites: 3-hydroxygenistein, hydroxydihydrogenistein, daidzein-4′-glucuronide, daidzein-7-glucuronide, daidzein-4′-sulfate, genistein-4′-glucuronide, genistein-7-glucuronide, genistein diglucuronide, genistein-4′-sulfate, genistein-7-sulfate-4′-glucuronide | (Lee et al., 2018) |
| Gochujang fermented with A. oryzae | Genistein, daidzin, apigenin 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside | (Cho et al., 2013) |
| Gochujang | Capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin | Ha et al. (2010) |
| Three Gochujang types (white rice, brown rice, and wheat) | Isoflavones: daidzin, genistein, daidzein, glycitein, genistein. Soya saponins: soya saponin. | (Jang, Shin, et al., 2017) |
| Gochujang prepared with different cereals (wheat, brown rice, and white rice) and peppers (Capsicum annuum, C. annuum cv. Chung-yang, and C. frutescens) | Apigenin-C-hexoside-C-pentoside, dihydrocapsiate, linoleic ethanolamide, luteolin-C-hexoside, quercetin-O-rhamnoside, dihydrocapsaicin | (Lee, Suh, Jung, & Lee, 2016) |
| Gochujang products prepared with combinations of fungal rice koji with B. amyloliquefaciens CJ 3–27 and B. amyloliquefaciens CJ 14-6 | Genistein, acetylgenistin, daidzin, luteolin-diglucoside, genistein, apigenin-diglucoside, apigenin-glucoside, isovitexin-glucoside, daidzein, glycitein, luteolin, hydroxydaidzein, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin | Shin et al. (2016) |