Table 6.

Pre-clinical studies on the effects of microorganisms from Korean fermented foods on laboratory animal models. Abbreviations: BALFs - bronchoalveolar lavage fluids; CGJ - Cheonggukjang; EPS - exopolysaccharides; IAV - influenza A virus; IFV- influenza vírus; i.p. intraperitoneal; nF1 - heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum; OVA - ovalbumin; MLD50 - 50% mouse lethal dose; CFU - colony-forming unit; FFU – fan filter unit; IFN-α - interferon alpha; IgA – immunoglobulin A antibody; PFU – plaque-forming unit.

Aims	Animal model	Exposure route	Evaluated Parameters	Dosing and period	Main Results	Reference
Evaluate L. brevisa KB290 impacts against influenza virus infection in mice	Mice	Oral		Lyophilized KB290 suspended in PBS for 14 days and then intranasally infected with 50% mouse lethal dose of IFV	L. brevisa alleviated clinical symptoms, by production of IFN-α and increase of IFV-specific IgA production	Waki et al. (2014)
Evaluate if pretreatment of mice with L. plantarumb from the fermented Korean cabbage can increase protection against influenza virus infection	Mice	Intranasal or oral exposure	BALFs and lungs	Animals were treated once with (107 CFU/mouse) of L. plantarum DK119 strain (, 4 days prior infection with a lethal dose of influenza virus	L. plantarumb showed to be a beneficial probiotic against influenza virus infection byintranasal or oral exposure	(Park et al., 2013)
Evaluate the therapeutic effect of CGJ on a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma by the suppression of histamine release	Mice	I.p.	BALFs, lungs	After sensitized by i.p. of OVA and then turned with OVA inhalation, animals were administered i.p. ethanol-extracted CGJ (100 mg/kg/day) for 16 days.	Efficacy of CGJEs as a dietary therapy of histamine-mediated allergic diseases, probably by inhibition of mast cell activation.	Bae, Shin, See, Chai, and Shon (2014b)
Evaluate the health benefits of regular oral intake of nF1 against influenza virus infection	Mice	Oral		Daily oral intake (10 mg) of nF1 for 14 days followed by intranasally MLD50 of influenza A and B viruses, and the same feeding regimen for 14 days	Daily oral intake of nF1 delayed death of infected mice; increased survival rates	( Park et al., 2018)
Evaluate anti-rotavirus activity by the bacterial supernatant, lysate, and the EPS from L. plantarumb	Mice	Oral	Blood, heart, and small intestine	EPS (1 mg/mouse) for 2 days prior and 5 days after pups infection with the murine rotavirus epidemic diarrhea (10 μL of 2 × 10d FFU)	Decreased the duration of diarrhea, limited epithelial lesions, reduced rotavirus replication in the small intestine, and better animal recovery by EPS	( Kim et al., 2018)
Evaluate the immune-stimulatory effects of L. bulgaricusc on the OSV-induced suppression of local and systemic humoral immunity in mice infected with IAV	Mice	Oral	BALFs, lungs	Daily single oral dose of 400 μL of L. bulgaricusc for 35 days. On d22, intranasal infection with 0.5 pfu IAV; followed by oral 50 μg of OSV in 100 μL of 5% methylcellulose (MC) as a vehicle or MC alone, twice daily	Regular intake of L. bulgaricusc can stimulate humoral immunity of anti-PR8-specific S-IgA and IgG in BALF and anti-PR8-specific IgG and IgA in serum against IAV infection	Takahashi, Sawabuchi, Kimoto, Sakai, & Kido, 2019
Evaluate if S. succinusd from doenjang normalises immune response and benefits allergic diseases	Mice	Oral	BALFs, lung, mediastinal lymph nodes, mesenchymal lymph nodes and spleen	S. succinusd (5 × 107 CFU/mouse) every other day to day 20, then sensitized and replaced by ovalbumin as an allergen	Therapeutic potential for allergic asthma, due to suppression of airway inflammation by increase in Treg (regulatory T cells) responses	( Kim, Song, Lim, Lee, & Lee, 2019)

^aLevilactobacillus brevis.

^bLactiplantibacillus plantarum.

^cLactobacillus bulgaricus.

^dStaphylococcus succinus.