Table 1.

Prevalence of mild and severe vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 data in 20 European countries

Country	Reference	Sample size (F/M)	Age range (y)	Mean ± SD vitamin D (nmol/L)	COVID-19 infections per million people*	COVID-19 deaths per million people*	COVID-19 recoveries per million people*	% Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L)	% Prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency (<30 nmol/L)
Austria	[25]	541 (334/237)	18–80	No info	71 742	1180	50 490.1	48.0	14.4†
Belgium	[26]	905 (464/441)	20–69	55.4 ± 22.7	92763	2160	87 344	44.8	6.4†
Bosnia and Herzegovina	[27]	1830 (no info)	>18	No info	62 831	2959	55 518.7	66.4	28.5†
Bulgaria	[28]	2016 (1068/948)	20–80	38.75 ± 17.18	61 073	2611	57 135.6	75.8	21.3†
Croatia	[29]	791 (660/131)	45.5‡	54.4	88 042	2007	85 922.3	46.1	21
Finland	[30]	798 (no info)	30–64	64.0 ± 28.8	17 028	176	8289.6	6.9	0.9
France	[31]	892 (429/463)	18–89	60.0 ± 20	89 748	1694	85 361.3	34.6	9.9
Germany	[32]	6995 (3635/3360)	18–79	45.6	44 396	1084	42 965.1	61.5	30.2
Greece	[33]	1084 (674/410)	≥18	41.8 ± 25.5	40 386	1212	38 689.8	64.8	28.8
Ireland	[34]	1118 (no info)	18–84	No info	53 992	998	50 912.7	43.7	11.4
Italy	[35]	74 235 (55 424/18 811)	18–104	68.5 ± 39	70 464	2109	67 224.7	33.3	14.5
Norway	[36]	4465 (2424/2041)	40–69	64 ± 19.2	23 756	145	16 284.2	24.7	1.9
Portugal	[37]	3092 (1995/1097)	≥18	42.2 ± 17.1	85 253	1679	80 909.7	66.6	21.2†
Romania	[38]	14 052 (12 347/1705)	>21	49.5 ± 25	56 525	1699	54 692.3	52.0	13.2†
Russia	[39]	1011 (824/187)	18–75	54.8 ± 22.3	36 772	897	33 577.1	47.9	No info
Slovenia	[40]	280 (152/128)	18–74	49 ± 26.8	123 636	2124	120 835.4	61.0	21.4
Spain	[44]	12 912 (no info)	30–105	30.25 ± 11.35	80 575	1726	76 319.8	64.6	No info
Switzerland	[41]	1291 (no info)	>60	No info	1248	1248	77 613.3	39.2	8†
United Kingdom	[42]	6004 (3291/2713)	>50	48.7	68 178	1876	63 114.2	55.3	23.7
Ukraine	[43]	1639 (no info)	18–82	56.7 ± 21.6	51 294	1197	49 538.4	41.9	4.8

^⁎Data up to June 23, 2021.

^†<25 nmol/L.

^‡Mean age of participants.