Table 3.

Summary of autism spectrum disorder and visual motor integration performance studies.

Authors	Descriptions	Subjects	Findings
Dowd et al. [61]	Explored kinematics of children three to seven years old with ASD	13 children with ASD between the ages of three and seven years old were matched to a group of 13 children of typical development in Australia	Children with ASD demonstrated increased variability in the preparation phase of movement due to VMI deficits
Englund et al. [62]	Investigated the implications of ASD and ADHD on working memory and VMI when compared to typically developing children	49 children with ADHD, 33 children with ASD, and 79 children of typical development aged four to 18 years old were compared in the United States	Both children with ASD and ADHD demonstrated working memory and VMI deficits
Green et al. [63]	Examined Beery VMI performance in males with ASD compared to males with typical development between the ages of three to 23 years old	56 participants with ASD and 36 participants of typical development were compared with multiple versions of the Beery VMI being administered throughout the longitudinal study conducted in the United States	No significant group differences were observed between the three versions for either group; however, a considerable number of males with ASD experienced difficulties compared to typically developing males in performing VMI-related tasks

Note. The abbreviations “ASD,” “ADHD,” “Beery VMI,” and “VMI” represent “autism spectrum disorder,” “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,” “Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration,” and “visual motor integration,” respectively.