Figure 2.

Potential approaches for organoid-based therapy dependent on the source of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). A: autologous organoid-based therapy uses a patient’s own peripheral blood cells (PMBCs) to derive clinical cell therapy product. PBMCs are reprogrammed into iPSCs followed by in vitro expansion of iPSCs, differentiation into organoids and transplantation into the patient. B: allogeneic human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched organoid-based therapy generates organoids from PBMCs of a healthy HLA homozygous donor in a process similar to that in A; iPSCs are expanded in vitro, differentiated into organoids, and transplanted into an HLA-matched patient. C: allogeneic HLA-modified organoid-based therapy can use iPSCs derived from various healthy donors. iPSCs are then genetically modified to remove expression of major HLA molecules and to prevent immunological rejection. Created in such way universal iPSCs can be expanded in vitro, differentiated into organoid, and transplanted into patient independently of haplotypes of HLA. Created with BioRender.com.