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. 2021 May 14;321(1):H77–H111. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.01021.2020

Figure 15.

Figure 15.

A: three colors stain (Trichrome) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) alpha actin staining in the rat thoracic aorta vs. vena cava (above the liver). L, lumen. B: veins have valves to promote the one-way movement of blood from tissues back to the heart. Used with permission from Hartmannsgruber et al. (51).