Figure 1.

Schematic representations of signaling intermediates described in cardiomyocytes that are activated downstream of the insulin or insulin-like-growth-factor 1 (IGF-1) receptors. Activation of insulin signaling intermediates mediate pleiotropic effects that are summarized. 4E-BP1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1; Akt1/2, protein kinase B isoforms 1 and 2; BAD, BCL2 associated agonist of cell death promoter; CD36, cluster of differentiation 36, a.k.a. platelet glycoprotein 4, fatty acid translocase (FAT), scavenger receptor class B member 3 (SCARB3), and glycoproteins 88 (GP88), IIIb (GPIIIB), or IV (GPIV); CRK, proto-oncogene c-Crk; eIF4E, eukaryotic translation initiation factor; eNOS (NOS3), nitric oxide synthase isoform 3; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FOXO, forkhead box O; FYN, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn; GLUT4, solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4; GMP, guanosine monophosphate; GRB2, growth factor receptor-binding protein 2; GS, glycogen synthase; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; GTP, guanosine-5'-triphosphate; IRS1/2, insulin receptor substrate isoforms 1 and 2; MEK, MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated) kinase; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; NCK, non-catalytic region of tyrosine kinase adaptor protein 1; NO, nitric oxide; NOX2, NADPH oxidase isoform 2; p70S6, ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1; PDPK1, 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate; PKCζ, protein kinase C zeta isoform; PKG, protein kinase G; PTP, protein tyrosine phosphatase; RAF, rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; RAS, RAS guanosine triphosphatase; SOS, Son of Sevenless guanine nucleotide exchange factors; TSC1/2, tuberous sclerosis complex isoforms 1 and 2; ULK1, Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase.