FIGURE 2.

Evidence for clinical efficacy of ketogenic interventions. Upper left quadrant (ULQ): dietary interventions demonstrating no effect on primary outcomes. Upper right quadrant (URQ): dietary interventions demonstrating positive effects on primary outcome measures. Lower left quadrant (LLQ): interventions using exogenous ketogenic agents demonstrating no effect on primary outcomes. Lower right quadrant (LRQ): interventions using exogenous ketogenic agents demonstrating positive effects on primary outcome measures. Note: only outcome measures assessed by 2 or more studies are visualized here. Studies reporting on unique outcomes have not been included. AD, Alzheimer's disease; ADAS-Cog, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale; EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MDS-UPDRS I-IV, Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale Parts I-IV; MS, multiple sclerosis; MSQoL-54, Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 questionnaire; NTB, neuropsychological test battery; PD, Parkinson's disease; PD-MCI, mild cognitive impairment secondary to Parkinson's disease