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. 2021 Feb 11;12(4):1160–1176. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmaa177

FIGURE 5.

FIGURE 5

Pooled dose–response association (from 2-stage random-effects dose–response meta-analysis) between caffeinated coffee consumption (cups per day) and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence (A), endometrial cancer incidence (B), melanoma incidence (C), and nonmelanoma skin cancer incidence (D). United States, 1987–2017. Coffee consumption was modeled with restricted cubic spline. In the spline model, a binary term (consumption/no consumption) was added to take into account spike at zero for coffee. Note: results of the Liver Cancer Pooling Project (LCPP) depicted in (A) included the National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study, Agricultural Health Study (AHS), United States Radiologic Technologists Study (USRTS), Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, Women's Health Study (WHS), Cancer Prevention Study-II (CPS-II) Nutrition Cohort, Iowa Women's Health Study (IWHS), Black Women's Health Study (BWHS), and Women's Health Initiative (WHI).