TABLE 3.
In vitro neuroprotective role of ellagic acid against various types of stressors1
| Stressor | Experimental model | EA concentration | Observations | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aβ | Primary murine cortical microglia | 10 μM/L | Inhibited microglial activation via attenuation of TNF-α, and NFAT activity | (105) |
| SH-SY5Y cells | 2 mg/mL | Prevented Aβ neurotoxicity by promoting Aβ aggregation into fibrils with significant oligomer loss | (130) | |
| 0.1–0.4 mM | Suppressed proinflammatory and disease aggravation markers | (107) | ||
| D-gal | SH-SY5Y cells | 0.01–10μM | Increased cell proliferation and GSH concentration, while decreasing concentrations of ROS, MDA, TNF-α, β-GAL, and AGEs | (131) |
| ATRA and TPA | SH-SY5Y cells | 30–100 μM | EA induced cell detachment, decreased cell viability, and induced apoptosis | (132) |
| 50 μM | EA decreased cell detachment, loss of viability, and activation of apoptosis | (133) | ||
| Cadmium | Rat primary astrocytes | 30 μM | Decreased ROS production and astrocyte cell death | (134) |
| Rotenone | PC12 pheochromocytoma | 10 μM | Decreased ROS and RNS production, PARP1, HSP70, and α-synuclein aggregation | (135) |
| OGD/R | Primary culture of rat cortical neurons | 10 and 30μg/mL | Decreased the number of apoptotic/necrotic cells, and remedied the decrease in the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax expression | (136) |
| Tumor | Human glioblastoma and rat glioma cell line | 5.5 mg or 10 mg | Chitosan-EA composite films induced the accumulation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 and increased caspase-3 activation, which preceded induction of apoptosis | (95) |
| 5.5 mg or 10 mg | EA induced apoptosis in cancer cells as well as suppressing angiogenesis in dose-dependent manner | (94) | ||
| Antidepressant | AChE, BuChE, and MAO-A | EA exhibited appreciable MAO-A inhibition activity compared with cholinesterase inhibitors | (88) |
1Aβ, β-amyloid; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; AGE, advanced glycation end-product; ATRA, all-trans retinoic acid; BuChE, butyrylcholinesterase; D-gal, d-galactose; EA, ellagic acid; GSH, reduced glutathione; HSP70, heat shock protein 70; MAO-A, monoamine oxidase A; MDA, malondialdehyde; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T-cells; OGD/R, oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; β-GAL, β-galactose.