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. 2021 Jul 24;14:3091–3115. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S312511

Table 2.

Robustness Checks

xtscc Method xtpcse Method xtgls Method
k=10 k=15 k=18 k=22 k=26 k=10 k=15 k=18 k=22 k=26 k=10 k=15 k=18 k=22 k=26
Lockdown measure
yt−1 0.07*** 0.05*** 0.04*** 0.03*** 0.03*** 0.07*** 0.05*** 0.04*** 0.03*** 0.03*** 0.07*** 0.05*** 0.04*** 0.03*** 0.03***
(5.2) (4.81) (4.74) (4.72) (4.64) (20.47) (18.55) (16.96) (15.2) (13.56) (54.65) (50.11) (46.18) (42.17) (38.05)
dt-k 83.16 −55.11 −119.68 −187.93* −241.50** 83.16** −55.11 −119.68*** −187.93*** −241.50*** 83.16** −55.11 −119.68** −187.93*** −241.50***
(1.32) (−0.76) (−1.43) (−1.95) (−2.35) −2.52 (−1.52) (−3.02) (−4.22) (−4.87) 1.97 (−1.19) (−2.40) (−3.47) (−4.08)
(y.d)t-k −0.06*** −0.05*** −0.04*** −0.04*** −0.03*** −0.06*** −0.05*** −0.04*** −0.04*** −0.03*** −0.06*** −0.05*** −0.04*** −0.04*** −0.03***
(−4.73) (−4.39) (−4.35) (−4.37) (−4.32) (−18.44) (−16.14) (−14.39) (−12.49) (−10.72) (−48.99) (−43.12) (−38.62) (−33.93) (−29.31)
const 51.21 119.71** 156.26** 195.60*** 229.74*** 51.21* 119.71*** 156.26*** 195.60*** 229.74*** 51.21** 119.71*** 156.26*** 195.60*** 229.74***
(1.46) (2.53) (2.89) (3.23) (3.54) (1.83) (4.03) (4.97) (5.77) (6.38) (2.09) (4.56) (5.63) (6.64) (7.33)
R-sq 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.45 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.45
F (3,14) 130.98 98.14 62.72 25.75 14.39
Wald-chi2 490.12 379.66 316.98 259.36 214.69 3237.24 2639.73 2222.35 1837.56 1492.28
Nb.obs. 2087 2012 1967 1907 1847 2087 2012 1967 1907 1847 2087 2012 1967 1907 1847
Social distancing measure
yt−1 0.11*** 0.07*** 0.06*** 0.05*** 0.04*** 0.11*** 0.07*** 0.06*** 0.05*** 0.04*** 0.11*** 0.07*** 0.06*** 0.05*** 0.04***
(14.58) (11.28) (10.1) (8.67) (7.46) (32.13) (26.73) (23.84) (20.24) (17.34) (68.84) (61.01) (56.34) (50.49) (45.06)
dt-k −15.01 −115.7 −176.01 −237.42* −303.35** −15.01 −115.70*** −176.01*** −237.42*** −303.35*** −15.01 −115.70*** −176.01*** −237.42*** −303.35***
(−0.38) (−1.43) (−1.74) (−1.97) (−2.32) (−0.51) (−3.23) (−4.40) (−5.14) (−5.82) (−0.44) (−3.04) (−4.32) (−5.34) (−6.28)
(y.d)t-k −0.11*** −0.07*** −0.06*** −0.05*** −0.04*** −0.11*** −0.07*** −0.06*** −0.05*** −0.04*** −0.11*** −0.07*** −0.06*** −0.05*** −0.04***
(−14.01) (−10.89) (−9.80) (−8.41) (−7.20) (−29.87) (−23.99) (−20.96) (−17.30) (−14.37) (−64.78) (−55.64) (−50.34) (−43.84) (−37.85)
const 61.72* 141.38** 187.97** 239.40** 291.63*** 61.72** 141.38*** 187.97*** 239.40*** 291.63*** 61.72** 141.38*** 187.97*** 239.40*** 291.63***
(2.13) (2.34) (2.53) (2.76) (3.07) (2.25) (4.43) (5.45) (6.24) (6.99) (2.53) (5.22) (6.52) (7.67) (8.67)
R-sq 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.58 0.53 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.58 0.53
F (3,14) 101.99 52.27 40.23 26.99 18.75
Wald-chi2 1229.82 804.25 627.22 448.02 333.2 5330.79 3985.28 3325.6 2620.86 2068.75
Nb.obs. 2087 2012 1967 1907 1847 2087 2012 1967 1907 1847 2087 2012 1967 1907 1847
Movement restriction measure
yt−1 0.11*** 0.07*** 0.06*** 0.04*** 0.04*** 0.11*** 0.07*** 0.06*** 0.04*** 0.04*** 0.11*** 0.07*** 0.06*** 0.04*** 0.04***
(14.67) (11.42) (10.2) (8.73) (7.5) (32.52) (26.9) (23.9) (20.23) (17.33) (69.38) (61.28) (56.48) (50.52) (45.04)
dt-k −29.16 −128.62 −187.60* −247.04* −314.12** −29.16 −128.62*** −187.60*** −247.04*** −314.12*** −29.16 −128.62*** −187.60*** −247.04*** −314.12***
(−0.73) (−1.56) (−1.84) (−2.04) (−2.37) (−0.95) (−3.47) (−4.54) (−5.20) (−5.88) (−0.86) (−3.39) (−4.61) (−5.57) (−6.52)
(y.d)t-k −0.11*** −0.07*** −0.06*** −0.05*** −0.04*** −0.11*** −0.07*** −0.06*** −0.05*** −0.04*** −0.11*** −0.07*** −0.06*** −0.05*** −0.04***
(−14.12) (−11.03) (−9.89) (−8.45) (−7.22) (−30.22) (−24.14) (−21.02) (−17.30) (−14.37) (−65.21) (−55.78) (−50.37) (−43.76) (−37.75)
const 70.06** 151.37** 198.76** 250.82** 305.44*** 70.06** 151.37*** 198.76*** 250.82*** 305.44*** 70.06*** 151.37*** 198.76*** 250.82*** 305.44***
(2.18) (2.35) (2.52) (2.73) (3.02) (2.45) (4.55) (5.54) (6.29) (7.05) (2.82) (5.47) (6.74) (7.85) (8.88)
R-sq 0.72 0.67 0.63 0.58 0.53 0.72 0.67 0.63 0.58 0.53
F (3, 14) 101.96 51.49 39 26.48 18.88
Wald-chi2 1260.84 815.13 631.11 447.62 333.33 5387.42 4007.67 3337.93 2625.29 2073.94
Nb.obs. 2087 2012 1967 1907 1847 2087 2012 1967 1907 1847 2087 2012 1967 1907 1847
Governance and socio-economic measures
yt−1 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.03*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.03*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.03*** 0.02*** 0.02***
(3.16) (3.4) (3.64) (4.01) (4.41) (14.0) (14.42) (14.6) (14.59) (14.01) (23.87) (28.62) (30.48) (31.97) (31.8)
dt-k 146.48 47.07 −21.05 −150.89 −242.88* 146.48** 47.07 −21.05 −150.89*** −242.88*** 146.48*** 47.07 −21.05 −150.89*** −242.88***
(1.5) (0.43) (−0.18) (−1.35) (−2.10) (2.33) (0.8) (−0.37) (−2.71) (−4.29) (2.69) (0.87) (−0.39) (−2.77) (−4.34)
(y.d)t-k −0.02** −0.02*** −0.02*** −0.02*** −0.02*** −0.02*** −0.02*** −0.02*** −0.02*** −0.02*** −0.02*** −0.02*** −0.02*** −0.02*** −0.02***
(−2.87) (−3.03) (−3.22) (−3.53) (−3.86) (−11.40) (−11.66) (−11.67) (−11.38) (−10.62) (−16.80) (−21.18) (−22.76) (−23.76) (−23.25)
const 127.19* 164.97* 194.18* 253.26** 299.50*** 127.19** 164.97*** 194.18*** 253.26*** 299.50*** 127.19*** 164.97*** 194.18*** 253.26*** 299.50***
(1.87) (1.88) (2.07) (2.68) (3.17) (2.22) (3.12) (3.87) (5.43) (6.67) (3.33) (4.4) (5.2) (6.8) (7.92)
R-sq 0.25 0.31 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.25 0.31 0.34 0.36 0.37
F (3, 14) 4.42 8.94 18.67 55.18 35.79
Wald-chi2 206.68 218.55 228.59 244.34 242.55 707.16 904.26 995.89 1086.55 1083.43
Nb.obs. 2087 2012 1967 1907 1847 2087 2012 1967 1907 1847 2087 2012 1967 1907 1847
Public health measure
yt−1 0.10*** 0.07*** 0.06*** 0.04*** 0.04*** 0.10*** 0.07*** 0.06*** 0.04*** 0.04*** 0.10*** 0.07*** 0.06*** 0.04*** 0.04***
(18.19) (12.52) (10.61) (8.95) (7.69) (34.27) (27.28) (23.82) (20.05) (17.22) (69.88) (61.09) (56.1) (50.01) (44.54)
dt-k −28.82 −124.2 −175.42 −231.63* −293.15* −28.82 −124.20*** −175.42*** −231.63*** −293.15*** −28.82 −124.20*** −175.42*** −231.63*** −293.15***
(−0.72) (−1.55) (−1.73) (−1.88) (−2.12) (−0.96) (−3.33) (−4.20) (−4.82) (−5.46) (−0.86) (−3.27) (−4.30) (−5.20) (−6.07)
(y.d)t-k −0.11*** −0.07*** −0.06*** −0.05*** −0.04*** −0.11*** −0.07*** −0.06*** −0.05*** −0.04*** −0.11*** −0.07*** −0.06*** −0.05*** −0.04***
(−17.58) (−12.09) (−10.26) (−8.66) (−7.40) (−31.77) (−24.41) (−20.88) (−17.08) (−14.23) (−65.47) (−55.37) (−49.80) (−43.11) (−37.15)
const 71.30** 151.78** 195.72** 246.82** 299.31** 71.30** 151.78*** 195.72*** 246.82*** 299.31*** 71.30*** 151.78*** 195.72*** 246.82*** 299.31***
(2.15) (2.34) (2.47) (2.67) (2.92) (2.54) (4.55) (5.39) (6.1) (6.84) (2.86) (5.44) (6.57) (7.64) (8.6)
R-sq 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.57 0.52 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.57 0.52
F (3, 14) 137.83 58.66 41.32 27.84 19.85
Wald-chi2 1404.21 841.8 628.29 440.5 328.36 5418.17 3966.49 3288.42 2576.59 2035.25
Nb.obs. 2087 2012 1967 1907 1847 2087 2012 1967 1907 1847 2087 2012 1967 1907 1847

Notes: xtscc: Panel regression with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors; xtpcse: Linear regression with panel-corrected standard errors; xtgls: Fit panel-data models by using GLS. yt−1: the total number of confirmed cases the previous day; dt−k: dummy indicating the government measure is in place for k days. z-values are between parentheses: *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.