Skip to main content
. 2021 Jul 24;14:3091–3115. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S312511

Table 3.

Panel Regression with Driscoll–Kraay Standard Errors (for the Complete Sample)

k=1 k=2 k=3 k=4 k=5 k=6 k=7 k=8 k=9 k=10 k=18 k=21 k=22 k=24 k=26
Lockdown measure
yt−1 0.09*** 0.09*** 0.09*** 0.09*** 0.09*** 0.09*** 0.08*** 0.08*** 0.07*** 0.07*** 0.04*** 0.04*** 0.03*** 0.03*** 0.03***
(8.03) (8.96) (7.33) (6.18) (6.71) (5.97) (5.85) (5.5) (5.23) (5.04) (4.46) (4.34) (4.41) (4.38) (4.31)
dt−k 326.26** 321.26** 303.81** 276.33** 246.18** 211.35** 177.99* 144.06* 119.34 83.16 −119.68 −171.46 −187.93* −216.06* −241.50**
(2.57) (2.53) (2.51) (2.45) (2.4) (2.28) (2.11) (1.88) (1.65) (1.29) (−1.36) (−1.68) (−1.81) (−2.01) (−2.17)
(y.d)t−k −0.08*** −0.09*** −0.09*** −0.09*** −0.09*** −0.08*** −0.08*** −0.07*** −0.07*** −0.06*** −0.04*** −0.04*** −0.04*** −0.03*** −0.03***
(−7.55) (−7.91) (−6.51) (−5.53) (−6.07) (−5.39) (−5.30) (−4.99) (−4.75) (−4.58) (−4.10) (−4.00) (−4.09) (−4.08) (−4.01)
const 18.98 1.01 −9.88 −9.4 −13.95 −1.35 8.96 22.99 35.32 51.21 156.26** 187.22** 195.60*** 213.08*** 229.74***
(0.76) (0.05) (−0.41) (−0.33) (−0.47) (−0.04) (0.28) (0.68) (1.01) (1.39) (2.69) (2.92) (2.99) (3.14) (3.28)
R-sq 0.33 0.4 0.46 0.5 0.58 0.59 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.53 0.49 0.49 0.47 0.45
F (3,14) 22.37 43.42 42.7 42.36 55.6 61.51 77.28 90.44 106.96 128.67 59.66 33.96 22.47 15.61 12.34
Nb.obs. 2222 2207 2192 2177 2162 2147 2132 2117 2102 2087 1967 1922 1907 1877 1847
Social distancing measure
yt−1 0.18*** 0.47*** 0.36*** 0.28*** 0.22*** 0.18*** 0.16*** 0.14*** 0.12*** 0.11*** 0.06*** 0.05*** 0.05*** 0.04*** 0.04***
8.79 3.64 7.29 11.52 18.43 18.78 18.67 16.65 15.61 14.43 9.5 8.39 8.11 7.49 6.94
dt−k 360.65*** 281.31*** 177.43** 120.99** 86.27** 60.98** 42.94 20.92 10.54 −15.01 −176.01 −224.71* −237.42* −266.44* −303.35**
3.34 3.21 2.6 2.54 2.35 2.26 1.64 0.74 0.31 (−0.37) (−1.63) (−1.81) (−1.85) (−1.97) (−2.18)
(y.d)t−k −0.17*** −0.47*** −0.36*** −0.27*** −0.22*** −0.18*** −0.16*** −0.14*** −0.12*** −0.11*** −0.06*** −0.05*** −0.05*** −0.04*** −0.04***
(−8.41) (−3.58) (−7.15) (−11.22) (−17.87) (−18.11) (−17.97) (−16.02) (−14.99) (−13.87) (−9.23) (−8.17) (−7.89) (−7.28) (−6.73)
const 10.08 −72.53* −55.11* −31.78 −17.19 1.32 15.22 32.44* 43.67* 61.72* 187.97** 228.17** 239.40** 264.00** 291.63**
1.55 (−1.92) (−1.77) (−1.53) (−1.19) 0.15 1.35 1.86 1.88 2.00 2.35 2.51 2.57 2.69 2.86
R-sq 0.18 0.49 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.63 0.59 0.58 0.55 0.53
F (3, 14) 29.69 15.09 59.37 174.53 542.12 571.9 308.74 186.38 131.54 97.96 35.71 25.99 23.7 19.44 16.25
Nb.obs. 2222 2207 2192 2177 2162 2147 2132 2117 2102 2087 1967 1922 1907 1877 1847
Movement restriction measure
yt−1 0.18*** 0.47*** 0.36*** 0.27*** 0.22*** 0.18*** 0.16*** 0.14*** 0.12*** 0.11*** 0.06*** 0.05*** 0.04*** 0.04*** 0.04***
9.36 3.62 7.28 11.43 18.49 19.13 18.76 16.97 15.49 14.52 9.61 8.46 8.17 7.55 6.98
dt−k 344.63*** 273.67*** 169.28** 118.65** 78.03** 57.33** 31.93 14.2 −7.84 −29.16 −187.6 −232.87* −247.04* −276.65* −314.12**
3.5 3.19 2.58 2.45 2.34 2.17 1.46 0.53 (−0.24) (−0.70) (−1.72) (−1.86) (−1.91) (−2.03) (−2.22)
(y.d)t−k −0.17*** −0.46*** −0.36*** −0.27*** −0.22*** −0.18*** −0.16*** −0.14*** −0.12*** −0.11*** −0.06*** −0.05*** −0.05*** −0.04*** −0.04***
(−8.97) (−3.56) (−7.14) (−11.13) (−17.93) (−18.45) (−18.07) (−16.33) (−14.90) (−13.98) (−9.33) (−8.23) (−7.94) (−7.32) (−6.75)
const 12.27* −70.90* −52.67 −31.19 −13.6 3.14 20.81* 36.40* 53.49* 70.06* 198.76** 238.55** 250.82** 276.51** 305.44**
1.82 (−1.78) (−1.61) (−1.34) (−0.95) 0.31 1.77 1.94 2.03 2.04 2.33 2.48 2.54 2.65 2.81
R-sq 0.18 0.49 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.73 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.63 0.59 0.58 0.55 0.53
F (3, 14) 32.66 15.1 58.97 164.48 537.56 584.54 310.49 190.9 128.81 97.76 34.66 25.35 23.22 19.26 16.31
Nb.obs. 2222 2207 2192 2177 2162 2147 2132 2117 2102 2087 1967 1922 1907 1877 1847
Governance and socio-economic measures
yt−1 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.02** 0.02** 0.02** 0.02** 0.03*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.02***
3.88 3.73 3.49 3.3 3.12 3.02 2.95 2.91 2.89 2.89 3.32 3.56 3.67 3.87 4.04
dt−k 178.62 190.58* 201.72* 202.63* 206.66* 197.57* 197.35 185.78 169.13 146.48 −21.05 −135.33 −150.89 −189.23 −242.88*
1.7 1.77 1.82 1.81 1.84 1.78 1.75 1.68 1.61 1.42 (−0.17) (−1.13) (−1.25) (−1.54) (−1.93)
(y.d)t−k −0.00*** −0.01*** −0.01*** −0.01*** −0.01*** −0.01** −0.01** −0.02** −0.02** −0.02** −0.02** −0.02*** −0.02*** −0.02*** −0.02***
(−3.01) (−4.66) (−4.14) (−3.51) (−3.09) (−2.88) (−2.75) (−2.68) (−2.64) (−2.62) (−2.95) (−3.14) (−3.23) (−3.39) (−3.53)
const 130.54** 123.91** 117.06** 114.93** 110.57* 112.75* 110.35* 113.49* 118.91* 127.19 194.18* 245.54** 253.26** 272.84** 299.50**
2.26 2.31 2.32 2.25 2.14 2.02 1.89 1.8 1.79 1.74 1.92 2.41 2.48 2.67 2.94
R-sq 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.34 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37
F (3, 14) 8.18 7.71 5.91 4.2 3.27 3.07 3.1 3.23 3.43 3.71 16.76 45.16 54.2 50.06 31.74
Nb.obs. 2222 2207 2192 2177 2162 2147 2132 2117 2102 2087 1967 1922 1907 1877 1847
Public health measure
yt−1 0.16*** 0.37*** 0.32*** 0.26*** 0.21*** 0.18*** 0.15*** 0.13*** 0.12*** 0.10*** 0.06*** 0.05*** 0.04*** 0.04*** 0.04***
16.32 3.26 5.72 9.63 15.98 20.62 23.41 22.03 20.13 18.24 10.14 8.78 8.46 7.78 7.15
dt−k 327.08*** 296.25*** 204.99** 137.26** 94.56** 57.73** 33.13 8.7 −8.6 −28.82 −175.42 −219.74 −231.63* −261.08* −293.15*
3.46 3.36 2.7 2.5 2.25 2.18 1.44 0.33 (−0.26) (−0.69) (−1.63) (−1.75) (−1.78) (−1.87) (−2.00)
(y.d)t−k −0.16*** −0.36*** −0.32*** −0.25*** −0.21*** −0.18*** −0.15*** −0.13*** −0.12*** −0.11*** −0.06*** −0.05*** −0.05*** −0.04*** −0.04***
(−15.33) (−3.20) (−5.60) (−9.38) (−15.51) (−19.89) (−22.57) (−21.26) (−19.45) (−17.64) (−9.83) (−8.52) (−8.20) (−7.54) (−6.90)
const 15.94 −69.43 −63.48 −38.89 −20.86 3.05 21.11 40.19* 55.18* 71.30* 195.72** 235.46** 246.82** 272.60** 299.31**
1.75 (−1.70) (−1.66) (−1.41) (−1.08) 0.28 1.64 1.96 1.99 2.01 2.29 2.44 2.48 2.59 2.72
R-sq 0.19 0.45 0.61 0.68 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.63 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.52
F (3, 14) 93.64 10.38 31.89 90.11 286.28 597.33 475.31 285.2 186.65 134.64 37.55 27.03 24.74 20.46 17.11
Nb.obs. 2222 2207 2192 2177 2162 2147 2132 2117 2102 2087 1967 1922 1907 1877 1847

Notes: yt−1: the total number of confirmed cases the previous day; dt−k: dummy indicating the government measure is in place for k days. z-values are between parentheses: *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.