Table 2.

Cost of snakebite reported in global literature.

Health system cost of snakebite
No	Author	Location	Cost
	Lopoo et al. (1998)	USA	•US$2450 per child treated
	Hasan et al. (2012)	Bangladesh	•Total expenditure of snakebite: US$4- US$2294 (Mean = US$124). •Mean income loss: US$93. •Expenditure for venomous snakebite: US$231 •Expenditure non-venomous snakebite: US$34
	Saz-Parkinson et al. (2012)	Spain	•Mean: Euro2000 per case
	Narra et al. (2014)	33 children's Hospitals in Pediatric Health Information System, USA	•Patients receiving anti-venom under observation status: US$17665 •In-patients receiving anti-venom: US$20503
	Kasturiratne et al. (2017)	Sri Lanka	•Annual estimated health system cost: US$10,260,651.53 •Cost of anti-venom: US$6.3 million •Cost of hospital care: US$3.9 million
	Tochie (2017)	Cameroon	•Cost of an AVS vial: US$67–75 or US$20–23
	Okumu et al., 2019	JOOTRH, Kisumu County, Western Kenya	•The median cost of treating snakebite: 2652 KES (US$26).
	Magalhães et al. (2020)	Brazilian Amazon	•Health system cost: US$3.115.861,28. •The total cost: US$8 million in 2015
	Benabdellah et al. (2020)	Children's University Hospital of Rabat, Morocco	•The average direct medical costs: US$127/child •The average direct non-medical costs: US$30/child
	Khan et al. (2020)	Saudi Arabia	Direct healthcare cost per snakebite patient by severity category •Mild: SAR 15,005 (Mean = SAR 3750) •Moderate: SAR 87,707 (Mean = SAR 29,444) •Severe: SAR 92,286 (Mean = SAR 46,143) •Death: SAR 43,142 (Mean = SAR 43,142) •Total: SAR 238,140 (Mean = SAR 26,460)
Household cost of snakebite
No	Author	Location	Cost
	Sharma et al. (2004)	South eastern Nepal	•Household cost: US$69 (SD = 100)
	Vaiyapuri et al. (2013)	Tamil Nadu, India	•The direct cost (transport and medical expenses): Rs.0–350,000 (£4858).
	Kasturiratne et al. (2017)	Sri Lanka	•National direct out-of-pocket expenditure for snakebite: US$1,981,699
	Magalhães et al. (2020)	Brazilian Amazon	•Cost from the patient's perspective: US$268 914.18.
Burden of snakebite
No	Author	Location	Cost
	Habib et al. (2015)	Nigeria	•The cost/death averted: $2330.16 •The cost/DALY averted: $99.61 (discounted) and $56.88 (undiscounted)
	Hamza et al. (2016)	West Africa	The cost/death averted for Guinea Bissau: US$1997 The cost/death averted for Liberia and Sierra Leone: US$6205 The cost/DALY averted for Benin Republic: US$$83 (95% Confidence Interval: US$36-$240) The cost/DALY averted for Sierra-Leone: US$281 ($159–457).
	Kasturiratne et al. (2017)	Sri Lanka	•Total number of DALYs for envenoming and death: 11, 101–15,076 per year •For males 5624–7927 DALYs •For females 5477–7150 DALYs •The total DALYs (snakebites without envenoming) - 20–500 per year •Total annual economic burden of snakebite: US$14,097,789
	Quintana-Castillo et al. (2020)		•Cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) of treatment with AV for each death avoided: US$1253 •Cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) of treatment with AV per DALY avoided US$51
	Magalhães et al. (2020)	Brazilian Amazon	•The estimated cost due to premature death: US$3031 300.38. •The cost attributed to the loss of productivity: US$1539 518.62.