Table 1.
Comparison of groups with and without the central non-dipping pattern according to the Arteriograph 24 results.
| All participants n = 62 (100%) |
SBP Ao dippers n = 26 (41.9%) |
SBP Ao non–dippers n = 36 (58.1%) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General characteristics | ||||
| Males n (%) | 32 (51.6%) | 10 (38.5%) | 22 (61.1%) | 0.08 |
| Age [years] | 30.1 (25.7–37.0) | 29.6 (22.3–39.4) | 32.8 (27.5–36.8) | 0.59 |
| Diabetes duration [years] | 15.0 (9.0–20.0) | 16.0 (9.0–22.0) | 15.0 (8.5–18.5) | 0.43 |
| BMI [kg/m2] | 24.8 (22.7–28.2) | 25.9 (23.2–28.7) | 24.3 (22.1–28.2) | 0.31 |
| WHR | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 0.92 |
| Family history for CVD n (%) | 17 (27.4%) | 5 (19.2%) | 12 (33.3%) | 0.22 |
| Systolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 123.0 (120.0–131.0) | 123.0 (116.0–131.0) | 123.0 (120.0–132.0) | 0.84 |
| Diastolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 80.0 (76.0–86.0) | 80.0 (76.0–85.0) | 81.0 (77.0–86.5) | 0.43 |
| Lifestyle | ||||
| Current smoker n (%) | 15 (24.2%) | 6 (23.1%) | 9 (25%) | 0.86 |
| Packyears | 0.0 (0.0–68.0) | 0.0 (0.0–40.0) | 2.3 (0.0–95.0) | 0.28 |
| Sport activity [hours/week] | 2.4 (0.0–6.0) | 2.0 (1.0–7.0) | 3.0 (0.0–6.0) | 0.86 |
| Alcohol intake [units/week] | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 0.8 (0.0–1.0) | 1.5 (0.0–4.0) | 0.015 |
| Shift work n (%) | 22 (35.5%) | 10.0 (38.5%) | 12.0 (33.3%) | 0.68 |
| Sleeping [hours/day] | 7.0 (6.0–8.0) | 7.0 (6.0–8.0) | 7.0 (6.0–8.0) | 0.90 |
| Physical work [hours/day] | 3.0 (0.0–8.0) | 2.0 (0.0–8.0) | 3.0 (0.0–8.0) | 0.51 |
| Complications | ||||
| At least one diabetic complication n (%) | 34 (54.8%) | 13 (50%) | 21 (58.3%) | 0.52 |
| Diabetic retinopathy n (%) | 12 (19.4%) | 4 (15.4%) | 8 (22.2%) | 0.50 |
| Diabetic nephropathy n (%) | 2 (3.2%) | 1 (3.8%) | 1 (2.8%) | 0.81 |
| Diabetic neuropathy n (%) | 28 (45.2%) | 13 (50%) | 15 (41.7%) | 0.52 |
| Treatment | ||||
| Insulin pump n (%) | 25 (40.3%) | 10 (38.5%) | 15 (41.7%) | 0.95 |
| Daily insulin intake [insulin units/day/kg] | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.6 (0.5–0.6) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.09 |
| Metformin n (%) | 6 (9.7%) | 2 (7.7%) | 4 (11.1%) | 0.65 |
| Lipid profile | ||||
| Triglycerides [mmol/l] | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.61 |
| Total cholesterol [mmol/l] | 4.6 (4.2–5.1) | 4.6 (4.2–5.1) | 4.4 (4.2–5.2) | 0.95 |
| LDL–C [[mmol/l] | 2.4 (2.0–2.8) | 2.4 (2.0–2.8) | 2.4 (2.0–3.1) | 0.89 |
| HDL–C [mmol/l] | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | 1.7 (1.4–1.8) | 1.8 (1.5–2.0) | 0.33 |
| Triglycerides / HDL–C ratio | 1.4 (0.8–2.1) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 0.53 |
| Laboratory results | ||||
| Red blood cells [T/l] | 4.8 (4.6–5.2) | 4.8 (4.6–5.0) | 4.8 (4.6–5.3) | 0.33 |
| Hemoglobin [g/l] | 14.3 (13.3–15.2) | 14.3 (12.8–15.1) | 14.2 (13.5–15.2) | 0.52 |
| Hematocrit [%] | 42.2 (39.2–44.1) | 42.0 (38.5–44.1) | 42.7 (39.5–44.8) | 0.41 |
| Mean red blood cells volume [fl] | 85.8 (82.9–88.2) | 85.8 (83.3–87.3) | 85.5 (82.9–87.9) | 0.96 |
| White Blood Cells [G/l] | 6.3 (5.5–7.3) | 6.0 (5.4–7.2) | 6.4 (5.5–7.3) | 0.49 |
| Platelets [G/l] | 262.0 (245.0–308.0) | 269.0 (245.0–315.0) | 260.5 (246.0–305.0) | 0.68 |
| Mean platelet volume [fl] | 10.6 (10.1–11.2) | 10.4 (10.0–10.7) | 10.8 (10.3–11.5) | 0.041 |
| Platelet distribution width [%] | 12.5 (11.7–14.2) | 12.3 (11.7–12.8) | 13.2 (11.7–14.9) | 0.029 |
| HbA1c [%] | 8.2 (7.0–9.1) | 7.9 (7.2–8.8) | 8.5 (7.0–9.7) | 0.24 |
| ALT [UI/l] | 16.0 (12.0–20.0) | 15.0 (11.0–17.0) | 16.5 (12.5–24.5) | 0.24 |
| AST [UI/l] | 17.0 (15.0–21.0) | 17.0 (15.0–21.0) | 17.0 (15.0–20.5) | 0.70 |
| Creatinine [µmol/L] | 73.4 (67.2–85.7) | 73.8 (66.3–84.9) | 72.9 (68.1–86.6) | 0.73 |
| ACR [mg/g] | 3.6 (3.0–7.0) | 4.0 (3.0–9.0) | 3.5 (3.0–6.0) | 0.38 |
| Estimated glucose disposal rate [mg/kg/min] | 9.2 (8.0–10.3) | 9.1 (8.1–10.4) | 9.3 (7.8–10.2) | 0.59 |
| Skin autofluorescence [IU] | 2.1 (1.8–2.4) | 2.0 (1.8–2.2) | 2.1 (1.9–2.5) | 0.35 |
| MPV/PLT ratio | 0.041 (0.034–0.044) | 0.039 (0.031–0.043) | 0.041 (0.036–0.045) | 0.24 |
| Activity during the day of measurement | ||||
| Time of physical activity [min] | 20.0 (0.0–40.0) | 20.0 (0.0–50.0) | 20.0 (0.0–40.0) | 0.93 |
| Number of cigarettes [n] | 0.0 (0.0–2.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–4.0) | 0.52 |
| Number of coffee cups [n] | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 0.48 |
| Mean glycemia [mmol/l] | 7.5 (6.7–8.8) | 7.7 (6.7–8.9) | 7.2 (6.8–8.0) | 0.50 |
| SD of glycemia [mmol/l] | 2.5 (2.0–3.0 | 2.6 (2.0–3.5) | 2.5 (2.0–2.9) | 0.25 |
| Insulin/day (u) | 38.1 (30.5–46.0) | 36.0 (30.5–44.5) | 39.0 (31.5–48.0) | 0.27 |
| Carbohydrates/day (g) | 15.3 (11.8–18.5) | 14.0 (12.0–17.5) | 16.0 (11.5–19.0) | 0.56 |
| Hemodynamic parameters | ||||
| Aortic systolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 118.9 (113.9–125.5) | 119.1 (113.9–125.5) | 118.7 (113.9–126.0) | 0.75 |
| Brachial systolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 130.3 (123.9–138.2) | 129.2 (121.5–138.2) | 130.6 (124.4–138.2) | 0.64 |
| Brachial diastolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 75.5 (71.1–79.4) | 75.2 (68.4–77.6) | 75.6 (73.0–79.5) | 0.19 |
| Pulse wave velocity [ms/s] | 7.7 (7.1–8.5) | 7.8 (7.1–8.4) | 7.7 (7.1–8.5) | 0.88 |
Data presented as median (IQR)/n(%). Bold values denote statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level.
ACR albumin to creatinine ratio, ALT alanine transaminase, Ao aortic, AST aspartate transaminase, BMI body mass index, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein, SBP systolic blood pressure, WHR waist-to-hip ratio.