Table 1.
Number of schools (children) examined, undifferentiated STH pre-treatment prevalence % (95% CI), and relative reductions % (Wald test: Z-statistic, p-value) by county for preschool (PSAC) and school (SAC) aged group of children in 20 counties in Kenya.
| County | Number of schools (children) examined | Undifferentiated STH pre-treatment prevalence %(95%CI) | Relative Reduction (Year 1–Year 6) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 | Year 3 | Year 5 | Year 6 | Year 1 | Year 3 | Year 5 | Year 6 | RR% (Wald test, p-value) | |
| PSAC Group | |||||||||
| Bomet | 11 (88) | 9 (99) | 11 (139) | 5 (39) | 46.6 (30.9–70.1) | 31.3 (18.1–54.1) | 20.9 (14.6–29.8) | 20.5 (13.8–30.4) | 56.0 (Z = −3.11, p = 0.002)* |
| Bungoma | 9 (93) | 10 (102) | 10 (138) | 5 (60) | 54.8 (43.5–69.2) | 20.6 (12.8–33.1) | 15.9 (10.0–25.3) | 8.5 (1.9–37.4) | 84.5 (Z = −2.56, p = 0.011)* |
| Busia | 17 (118) | 17 (111) | 18 (268) | 5 (28) | 33.1 (22.2–49.2) | 26.1 (19.4–35.3) | 17.7 (11.4–27.4) | 28.6 (10.8–75.5) | 13.6 (Z = −0.33, p = 0.738) |
| Garissa | -ns | -ns | -ns | 5 (20) | -ns | -ns | -ns | 0 | -ns |
| Homa Bay | 24 (422) | 23 (211) | 21 (121) | 3 (7) | 23.9 (18.2–31.5) | 17.5 (11.5–26.7) | 8.3 (4.0–16.9) | 57.1 (24.7–73.2) | Increase (38.8%, p = 0.031)** |
| Kakamega | 19 (177) | 18 (175) | 19 (254) | 5 (42) | 44.1 (34.1–56.9) | 17.7 (9.2–34.2) | 14.9 (9.7–22.7) | 26.8 (12.4–58.0) | 39.1 (Z = −1.32, p = 0.187) |
| Kericho | 12 (161) | 10 (96) | 12 (166) | 5 (37) | 38.5 (29.3–50.6) | 24.0 (15.6–36.8) | 28.5 (19.7–41.3) | 21.6 (18.4–25.4) | 43.9 (Z = −3.95, p < 0.001)* |
| Kilifi | 3 (25) | 2 (5) | 2 (13) | 5 (57) | 28.0 (18.6–42.1) | 20.0 (2.8–32.6) | 0 | 1.8 (0.3–10.7) | 93.7 (Z = −2.58, p = 0.010)* |
| Kisii | 11 (101) | 12 (85) | 12 (117) | 5 (70) | 46.5 (36.9–58.6) | 34.1 (28.5–40.8) | 26.5 (18.8–37.4) | 36.2 (24.2–54.3) | 22.1 (Z = −1.32, p = 0.186) |
| Kisumu | 10 (181) | 10 (89) | 9 (76) | 5 (14) | 21.5 (14.9–31.1) | 2.2 (0.7–7.3) | 2.6 (0.6–12.2) | 7.1 (1.2–41.4) | 66.8 (Z = −1.34, p = 0.181) |
| Kitui | -ns | -ns | -ns | 5 (29) | -ns | -ns | -ns | 0 | -ns |
| Kwale | 9 (98) | 10 (52) | 10 (191) | 5 (33) | 25.5 (15.7–41.4) | 7.7 (3.4–17.3) | 6.4 (3.9–10.3) | 12.1 (7.0–21.1) | 52.5 (Z = −2.60, p = 0.009)* |
| Makueni | -ns | -ns | -ns | 4 (12) | -ns | -ns | -ns | 0 | -ns |
| Migori | 8 (127) | 8 (83) | 8 (78) | 5 (66) | 18.9 (12.8–27.8) | 1.2 (0.2–8.1) | 3.9 (0.7–21.9) | 4.5 (2.5–8.2) | 75.9 (Z = −3.64, p < 0.001)* |
| Mombasa | 3 (41) | 2 (19) | 3 (42) | 5 (33) | 14.6 (3.7–58.6) | 10.5 (7.7–14.3) | 0 | 3.0 (0.5–17.6) | 79.3 (Z = −1.53, p = 0.127) |
| Narok | 10 (99) | 7 (75) | 9 (83) | 5 (61) | 55.6 (43.5–70.9) | 36.0 (21.1–61.3) | 45.8 (31.2–67.2) | 37.7 (19.2–74.1) | 32.1 (Z = −1.19, p = 0.235) |
| Nyamira | 9 (101) | 9 (67) | 9 (99) | 4 (63) | 38.6 (27.9–53.4) | 29.9 (19.8–45.0) | 30.3 (23.1–39.8) | 45.2 (35.4–57.6) | Increase (17.0%, p = 0.338) |
| Taita Taveta | 3 (32) | 3 (32) | 3 (34) | 5 (72) | 9.4 (2.0–43.3) | 0 | 2.9 (0.3–33.4) | 0 | 100 (Z = −3.03, p = 0.002)* |
| Vihiga | 8 (85) | 8 (65) | 8 (151) | 5 (31) | 47.1 (39.8–55.6) | 27.7 (20.3–37.7) | 41.5 (26.3–65.4) | 29.0 (16.9–49.8) | 38.3 (Z = −1.73, p = 0.084) |
| Wajir | -ns | -ns | -ns | 3 (7) | -ns | -ns | -ns | 0 | -ns |
| Overall | 166 (1,949) | 159 (1,366) | 164 (1,992) | 94 (781) | 33.7 (30.4–37.4) | 20.2 (17.1–23.9) | 19.0 (15.9–22.6) | 17.9 (13.4–23.9) | 46.9 (Z = −4.44, p = 0.001)* |
| SAC Group | |||||||||
| Bomet | 12 (1,177) | 12 (1,185) | 12 (1,132) | 5 (499) | 29.1 (19.7–42.9) | 22.8 (15.0–34.6) | 17.7 (11.0–28.5) | 24.2 (16.6–35.2) | 16.7 (Z = −0.71, p = 0.476) |
| Bungoma | 10 (921) | 10 (920) | 10 (895) | 5 (456) | 48.6 (41.4–57.2) | 9.1 (7.2–11.5) | 6.1 (3.9–9.6) | 4.7 (2.5–8.8) | 90.3 (Z = −8.16, p < 0.001)* |
| Busia | 18 (1,757) | 18 (1,780) | 18 (1,641) | 5 (497) | 36.3 (31.6–41.6) | 26.0 (19.3–35.0) | 16.8 (12.1–23.4) | 23.4 (9.0–61.0) | 35.5 (Z = −1.04, p = 0.297) |
| Garissa | -ns | -ns | -ns | 5 (177) | -ns | -ns | -ns | 0 | -ns |
| Homa Bay | 24 (2,100) | 24 (2,238) | 23 (2,300) | 5 (527) | 31.2 (25.6–38.2) | 16.3 (11.4–23.4) | 11.7 (7.6–18.0) | 22.6 (17.7–28.9) | 27.6 (Z = −2.27, p = 0.023)* |
| Kakamega | 20 (1,885) | 20 (1,869) | 20 (1,801) | 5 (490) | 29.7 (24.3–36.4) | 15.6 (10.9–22.5) | 9.1 (5.9–14.0) | 23.8 (17.3–32.8) | 19.8 (Z = −1.26, p = 0.206) |
| Kericho | 12 (1,107) | 12 (1,189) | 12 (1,094) | 5 (498) | 28.1 (20.1–39.3) | 16.1 (10.9–22.5) | 20.0 (13.3–30.1) | 16.8 (13.2–21.4) | 40.3 (Z = −2.87, p = 0.004)* |
| Kilifi | 3 (279) | 3 (282) | 3 (280) | 5 (444) | 33.3 (31.1–35.7) | 5.0 (3.3–7.4) | 2.2 (1.4–3.4) | 5.3 (1.4–19.6) | 84.2 (Z = −2.78, p = 0.005)* |
| Kisii | 12 (1,178) | 12 (1,171) | 12 (1,141) | 5 (456) | 46.9 (40.6–54.1) | 25.6 (19.5–33.6) | 23.6 (17.7–31.4) | 19.6 (12.4–31.1) | 58.1 (Z = −4.86, p < 0.001)* |
| Kisumu | 10 (887) | 10 (927) | 10 (984) | 5 (524) | 16.6 (11.9–23.2) | 5.0 (3.3–7.4) | 4.1 (2.8–6.1) | 3.1 (1.2–7.8) | 81.5 (Z = −3.68, p < 0.001)* |
| Kitui | -ns | -ns | -ns | 5 (509) | -ns | -ns | -ns | 0.4 (0.1–1.3) | -ns |
| Kwale | 10 (912) | 10 (917) | 10 (813) | 5 (485) | 29.5 (22.3–39.1) | 16.0 (10.1–25.3) | 4.4 (2.7–7.1) | 5.9 (3.4–10.3) | 79.9 (Z = −5.80, p < 0.001)* |
| Makueni | -ns | -ns | -ns | 5 (510) | -ns | -ns | -ns | 0.6 (0.2–2.1) | -ns |
| Migori | 8 (718) | 8 (773) | 8 (736) | 5 (467) | 23.0 (18.3–28.9) | 2.2 (1.5–3.3) | 1.9 (1.0–3.7) | 2.2 (1.1–4.3) | 90.6 (Z = −6.38, p < 0.001)* |
| Mombasa | 3 (279) | 3 (281) | 3 (265) | 5 (485) | 20.8 (10.4–41.5) | 2.5 (0.9–7.1) | 1.8 (0.2–17.7) | 2.2 (0.7–6.4) | 89.4 (Z = −3.57, p < 0.001)* |
| Narok | 10 (932) | 10 (966) | 10 (951) | 5 (442) | 53.0 (47.4–59.2) | 40.2 (33.1–48.8) | 43.3 (36.2–51.7) | 23.1 (16.9–31.6) | 56.4 (Z = −6.31, p < 0.001)* |
| Nyamira | 10 (965) | 10 (1,000) | 10 (956) | 5 (448) | 30.8 (23.1–41.0) | 18.5 (13.6–25.1) | 16.4 (12.1–22.2) | 19.7 (10.6–36.7) | 35.9 (Z = −2.22, p = 0.027)* |
| Taita Taveta | 3 (285) | 3 (281) | 3 (281) | 5 (417) | 2.1 (0.7–5.9) | 0 | 0 | 0.2 (0–1.7) | 88.6 (Z = −1.87, p = 0.061) |
| Vihiga | 8 (752) | 8 (749) | 8 (703) | 5 (500) | 50.5 (43.4–58.8) | 36.7 (27.0–50.0) | 31.0 (19.3–49.7) | 30.8 (19.1–49.7) | 39.0 (Z = −2.36, p = 0.018)* |
| Wajir | -ns | -ns | -ns | 5 (105) | -ns | -ns | -ns | 0 | -ns |
| Overall | 173 (16,134) | 173 (16,528) | 172 (15,973) | 100 (8,936) | 33.6 (31.2–36.1) | 18.4 (16.2–20.9) | 14.7 (12.6–17.1) | 12.5 (10.0–15.6) | 62.6 (Z = −9.52, p < 0.001)* |
-n Indicates counties which had not had routine parasitological monitoring, hence, surveys were not conducted in these counties during Year 1, Year 3, and Year 5 assessments.
*
Indicates statistically significant relative reductions since Year 1 (noting that this could be a reflection of sampling technique, and noting also that oftentimes reductions have not been sustained).
**
Indicates statistically significant increase in prevalence since Year 1.
Data Source: Infection prevalence data are collected and compiled by the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), who conducts the monitoring and evaluation of the national school based deworming program.