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. 2021 Jul 29;11:15477. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94735-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Rolling motion of the CTC in the vicinity of the microvessel wall with a focus on the localized vortex that is formed upon the rolling motion. (a) Rolling dynamics of the CTC with no attached platelets at four initial instances of rolling. When CTC gets closer to the vessel wall, a localized vortex forms in the plasma flow behind the CTC in the vicinity of the vessel wall; (b) Closer view of the CTC and vortex at t = 2.20 μs with more quantitative details on the magnitude and direction of the velocity and the magnitude of the vorticity; (c) Visualization of the vortex tube in 2 3-D views. The maximum length and maximum height of the vortex tube are indicated in the figure. Although the seed points of the streamlines are distributed uniformly along a line source, the concentration of the streamlines in the middle part of the vortex tube, consistent with high vorticity magnitude, causes high shear rates in the region which may lead to activation of the adhesion molecules on attached platelets and initiation of CTC–platelets interactions.