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. 2021 Jul 29;11:15477. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94735-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The wall shear stress (WSS) during rolling state and firm adhesion of the CTC. (a) Illustration of WSS on the microvessel wall as a result of rolling motion of CTCs and the attached platelets near the vessel wall at t = 0.03. The area of elevated shear stress expands when more platelets are attached to the CTC. High shear stress on the endothelial cells initiates the adhesion molecules that is a necessary step before firm adhesion occurs; (b) Illustration of the WSS on the microvessel wall for different numbers of platelets attached to the CTC at t = 0.20. When there is no platelet attached to the CTC, the CTC continues its rolling motion and the WSS is almost the same as the one at t = 0.03 (a). When there are platelets attached to the CTC, the firm adhesion occurs and the WSS substantially increases in comparison with rolling motion (a) and reaches to its maximum magnitude. Additionally, the area of the elevated WSS expands increasingly by increasing the number of attached platelets.