Table 1.

Smartphone Addiction Tendency Scale (MPATS) of college students.

1. I tend to check for missed calls or messages immediately after being without my smartphone for a while.

2. I prefer chatting over the smartphone to communicating face to face.

3. While waiting for others, I always make frequent phone calls to check where they are. Otherwise, I feel anxious.

4. I feel uncomfortable if not using a smartphone for a while.

5. I cannot concentrate in class because of phone calls or messages.

6. I feel lonely in the absence of a smartphone.

7. I feel more confident when communicating with others over the phone.

8. I feel uncomfortable after a while without a phone ring and will involuntarily check for missed calls/messages.

9. I often imagine that my phone is ringing/vibrating.

10. I feel more satisfied when there are more phone calls and messages.

11. I am often afraid of the automatic shutdown of my smartphone.

12. A smartphone is a part of me. In its absence, I feel like I have lost something.

13. My classmates and friends often say that I am too dependent on the smartphone.

14. When the smartphone loses internet access or cannot receive signals, I become anxious and irritable.

15. I tend to focus on the smartphone in class, which affects the lectures.

16. I feel more comfortable communicating with others over the smartphone.