Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with or without elevated liver enzymes on admission.
| Parameter | Elevated liver enzymes (n = 102) | Normal liver enzymes (n = 452) | P-value |
| Age (yr) | 35 (±11) | 37 (±11) | .088 |
| Male gender | 97 (95.1%) | 381 (85.0%) | .007 |
| Ethnicity | .419 | ||
| Chinese | 12 (11.8%) | 79 (17.5%) | |
| Malay | 5 (4.9%) | 29 (6.4%) | |
| Indian | 36 (35.3%) | 163 (36.1%) | |
| Bangladeshi | 43 (42.2%) | 132 (29.2%) | |
| Others | 6 (5.9%) | 49 (10.8%) | |
| Exposure history | .037 | ||
| Overseas exposure | 4 (3.9%) | 25 (5.5%) | |
| Local non-dormitory transmission | 10 (9.8%) | 90 (19.9%) | |
| Dormitory cases | 88 (86.3%) | 337 (74.6%) | |
| Hypertension | 8 (9.4%) | 45 (13.0%) | .370 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 8 (9.5%) | 26 (7.7%) | .581 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3 (3.6%) | 18 (5.5%) | .483 |
| Temperature (degC) | 38.5 (±0.9) | 37.5 (±0.8) | .011 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 131 (±14) | 130 (±18) | .546 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 81 (±14) | 81 (±12) | .842 |
| Pulse rate (per min) | 97 (±19) | 94 (±19) | .158 |
| Respiratory rate (per minute) | 20 (±7) | 19 (±6) | .736 |
| SpO2 (%) | 98 (±4) | 98 (±2) | .165 |
| Day of illness at presentation | 3.7 (±5.4) | 3.4 (±4.9) | .551 |
| Laboratory findings | |||
| Total white cell count (x109/L) | 6.95 (±2.29) | 6.39 (±2.19) | .021 |
| Lymphocyte count (x109/L) | 1.89 (±1.05) | 1.90 (±2.18) | .972 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 88.4 (±58.2) | 77.3 (±17.8) | .001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 18.3 (±33.8) | 12.9 (±25.4) | .080 |
| Ferritin (ng/ml) | 240.0 (±273.5) | 164.7 (±197.7) | .002 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 43.6 (±7.9) | 43.2 (±18.5) | .814 |
| Total Bilirubin (μmol/L) | 13 (±7) | 12 (±8) | .306 |
| Unconjugated Bilirubin (μmol/L) | 10 (±4) | 9 (±5) | .375 |
| Conjugated Bilirubin (μmol/L) | 3 (±4) | 2 (±1) | .001 |
| AST (U/L) | 75 (±99) | 29 (±9) | <.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 101 (±70) | 32 (±15) | <.001 |
| ALP (U/L) | 91 (±51) | 83 (±24) | .020 |
| LDH (U/L) | 632 (±912) | 389 (±107) | <.001 |
| Medications | |||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 2 (2.4%) | 1 (0.3%) | .109 |
| Lopinavir/Ritonavir | 8 (9.2%) | 29 (8.5%) | .844 |
| Remdesivir | 2 (2.4%) | 16 (4.8%) | .335 |
| Outcomes | |||
| Pneumonia | 14 (13.7%) | 43 (9.5%) | .206 |
| Acute kidney injury | 12 (11.8%) | 33 (7.3%) | .136 |
| Requiring oxygen | 2 (2.0%) | 14 (3.1%) | .536 |
| Required intensive care | 7 (6.9%) | 12 (2.7%) | .036 |
| Required mechanical ventilation | 6 (5.9%) | 10 (2.2%) | .046 |
| Persistent fever >72h | 10 (9.9%) | 30 (6.7%) | .260 |
| Myocarditis/myocardial injury | 2 (2.4%) | 1 (0.3%) | .048 |
| Death | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.6%) | .474 |
| Length of hospital stay (d) | 13.0 (±14.9) | 10.0 (±12.5) | .037 |