Table 1.

Etiologies of seizures following allo-HSCT.

Categories

Drug-related neurotoxicity

Chemotherapy (Bu)

Immunosuppressants (CsA, TCA)

Other drugs (antibiotics: unsubstituted penicillin, fourth-generation cephalosporins: imipenem, fluoroquinolones: antifungal - azole, antiviral agents - foscarnet)

Metabolic disturbances

Hyponatremia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hypernatremia, hypoglycemia

Blood glucose abnormalities

End-stage organ failure (hepatic or uremic encephalopathy)

Intracranial infection

Viruses (human herpesvirus-6, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus)

Fungi (Aspergillus, Candida)

Bacteria (G+, G–)

Cerebrovascular events

Hemorrhagic diseases (intraparenchymal hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid, hemorrhage, multiple hemorrhage lesions)

Cerebral thrombotic events

Transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy

Others

Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD)

Relapse of CNS

Secondary neoplasm (meningioma, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, etc.)

Vasculitis or immune-mediated encephalitis caused by cGVHD

Unknown