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Measurement of cellular and mitochondrial ATP levels. ATP levels in the mutant and control cell lines were measured using a luciferin/luciferase assay. Cells were incubated with 10-mM glucose or 5-mM 2-DG plus 5-mM pyruvate to determine ATP generation under mitochondrial ATP synthesis. (A) Average ATP levels in total cells. (B) Average ATP levels in mitochondria. Four independent experiments were conducted for each cell line. Graph details and symbols are explained in Figure 1.
