Table 3.

Cox proportional hazards model demonstrating the influence of preoperative PSA on the adjusted risk for all-cause mortality

Covariates	Hazard ratio	95% CI	P
Year of diagnosis	0.973	0.960–0.987	0.0002
Age (years)
<45 (reference)
45–54	1.182	0.770–1.814	0.4442
55–64	1.966	1.291–2.994	0.0016
65–74	3.360	2.206–5.117	<0.0001
75–84	6.566	4.256–10.132	<0.0001
≥85	26.153	13.34–51.276	<0.0001
Race
White (reference)
Black	1.418	1.312–1.534	<0.0001
Asian and Pacific Islanders	0.757	0.658–0.871	0.0001
American Indians	0.697	0.497–0.976	0.0359
Region
Midwest (reference)
Northeast	0.948	0.847–1.061	0.3518
South	1.238	1.120–1.369	<0.0001
West	1.007	0.921–1.101	0.8780
PSA (ng/ml)
< 4 (reference)
4–10	1.098	1.002–1.203	0.0442
>10	1.738	1.603–1.883	<0.0001
Clinical tumor Stage
T1 (reference)
T2	1.200	1.134–1.270	<0.0001
T3	1.637	1.421–1.885	<0.0001
T4	2.711	1.778–4.133	<0.0001
Unknown	2.109	1.515–2.936	<0.0001

This analysis adjusted for year of diagnosis, patient demographics, and tumor stage.

CI, confidence interval; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.