Table 4.
Intervention effect of CETA on substance use outcomes among participants with any baseline substance use
| Marijuana | BI (N = 23) | BI + CETA (N = 18) | Between group treatment effect | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marijuana SSI | Mean | Mean change from baseline | Mean | Mean change from baseline | Difference in mean change | Cohen’s d |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | ||
| Baseline | 12.7 | – | 15.7 | – | – | – |
| (9.0 to 16.5) | (11.4 to 19.9) | |||||
| 6-month follow-up | 9.0 | − 3.7 | 6.7 | − 8.9*** | − 5.2 | 0.55 |
| (5.3 to 12.8) | (− 7.6 to 0.2) | (2.4 to 11.0) | (− 13.4 to − 4.5) | (− 11.2 to 0.7) | ||
| Inhalants | BI (N = 16) | BI + CETA (N = 21) | Between group treatment effect | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inhalants SSI | Mean | Mean change from baseline | Mean | Mean change from baseline | Difference in mean change | Cohen’s d |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | ||
| Baseline | 13.8 | – | 10.9 | – | – | – |
| (9.3 to 18.3) | (7.0 to 14.8) | |||||
| 6-month follow-up | 6.8 | − 7.0* | 4.3 | − 6.5* | 0.5 | – |
| (2.3 to 11.3) | (− 12.9 to − 1.1) | (0.44 to 8.3) | (− 11.7 to − 1.3) | (− 7.4 to 8.4) | ||
| Cocaine | BI (N = 18) | BI + CETA (N = 16) | Between group treatment effect | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cocaine SSI | Mean | Mean change from baseline | Mean | Mean change from baseline | Difference in mean change | Cohen’s d |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | ||
| Baseline | 5.3 | – | 12.5 | – | – | – |
| (2.0 to 8.7) | (9.0 to 16.0) | |||||
| 6-month follow-up | 3.7 | − 1.7 | 4.2 | − 8.3*** | − 6.6* | 0.86 |
| (0.3 to 7.0) | (− 5.9 to 2.6) | (0.7 to 7.7) | (− 12.8 to − 3.8) | (− 12.8 to − 0.5) | ||
| Sedatives | BI (N = 10) | BI + CETA (N = 15) | Between group treatment effect | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sedatives SSI | Mean | Mean change from baseline | Mean | Mean change from baseline | Difference in mean change | Cohen’s d |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | ||
| Baseline | 6.3 | – | 8.5 | – | – | – |
| (3.1 to 9.5) | (5.8 to 11.1) | |||||
| 6-month follow-up | 2.6 | − 3.7 | 2.0 | − 6.5** | − 2.8 | 0.45 |
| (0 to 5.8) | (− 8.3 to 0.9) | (0 to 4.6) | (− 10.2 to − 2.8) | (− 8.6 to 3.1) | ||
| Hallucinogens | BI (N = 13) | BI + CETA (N = 20) | Between group treatment effect | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hallucinogens SSI | Mean | Mean change from baseline | Mean | Mean change from baseline | Difference in mean change | Cohen’s d |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | ||
| Baseline | 10.4 | – | 11.2 | – | – | – |
| (6.3 to 14.4) | (7.9 to 14.4) | |||||
| 6-month follow-up | 4.0 | − 6.4** | 2.0 | − 9.2*** | − 2.8 | 0.31 |
| (0 to 8.0) | (− 10.7 to − 2.1) | (0 to 5.2) | (− 12.6 to − 5.8) | (− 8.3 to 2.7) | ||
| Methamphetamines | BI (N = 19) | BI + CETA (N = 18) | Between group treatment effect | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Methamphetamines SSI | Mean | Mean change from baseline | Mean | Mean change from baseline | Difference in mean change | Cohen’s d |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | ||
| Baseline | 6.7 | – | 10.7 | – | – | – |
| (3.5 to 9.9) | (7.4 to 14.0) | |||||
| 6-month follow-up | 4.8 | − 1.8 | 2..7 | − 8.0*** | − 6.2* | 0.81 |
| (1.6 to 8.0) | (− 5.8 to 2.1) | (0 to 6.0) | (− 12.1 to − 3.9) | (− 11.9 to − 0.5) | ||
| Opioids | BI (N = 10) | BI + CETA (N = 18) | Between group treatment effect | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opioids SSI | Mean | Mean change from baseline | Mean | Mean change from baseline | Difference in mean change | Cohen’s d |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | ||
| Baseline | 5.1 | – | 7.7 | – | – | – |
| (1.1 to 9.1) | (4.7 to 10.7) | |||||
| 6-month follow-up | 5.4 | 0.3 | 2.7 | − 5.0* | − 5.3 | 1.0 |
| (1.4 to 9.4) | (− 5.4 to 6.0) | (0 to 5.7) | (− 9.3 to − 0.7) | (− 12.4 to 1.8) | ||
SSI Specific Substance Involvement score (via the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test)
*p < 0.05
**p < 0.01
***p < 0.001
α = Cronbach’s Alpha for internal reliability
Estimates for means, 95% CIs, mean change from baseline, difference in mean change are based on predicted values from mixed effects model
Cohen’s d effect size is calculated by dividing the predicted difference in mean change from the mixed effects model by the pooled baseline SD
Model included fixed effects of treatment arm, time, and interaction terms of treatment X time as well as random effects of participant ID and counselor ID
Sample includes all participants with baseline SSI scores > 0