Table 1.
Therapeutic Interventions related to Gut microbiota for Cardiometabolic diseases.
| Diabetes Mellitus | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Intervention | Patients | Comments |
| Vrieze et al.80 | FMT | Individuals with MS | Improves insulin sensitivity |
| deGroot et al.81 | |||
| RCT | |||
| Chambers et al.22 | SCFA (Propionate) | Overweight individuals | Stimulates glucose metabolism Improves insulin sensitivity |
| Bock et al.82 | Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus strains | Individuals with diabetes | Decreased FPG and insulinaemia |
| Meta-analysis | |||
| Hypertension | |||
| Bartolomaeus et al.83 | SCFA (Propionate) | Angiotensin II infused wild-type NMRI mice, | Reduction in BP |
| Khalesi et al.84 | Probiotics of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces, Enterococcus and Streptococcus strains | Individuals with or without hypertension | Significant reduction in BP, especially improvement in lower baseline BP. Significant decrease with long-term intervention |
| Meta-analysis | |||
| Dyslipidaemia/obesity | |||
| Jung et al.85 | Probiotics of L. gasser | Overweight and obese adults | Significant reduction in BMI, waist and hip circumference |
| RCT | |||
| Pedret et al.86 | Probiotics of B. animalis | Abnormal overweigh adults | Significant reduction in BMI, abdominal visceral fat and hip circumference |
| RCT | |||
| Reimer et al.87 | Prebiotics of Inulin-type fructans | Overweight and obese adults | Patients reported outcomes of subjective hunger rating and subjective satiety rating is increased. Energy and carbohydrate consumption are also reduced |
| RCT | |||
| Ruscica et al.88 | Co-administration of Bifidobacterium/yeast extract | Individuals with moderate hypercholesterolemia | Decrease in total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides as well as an increase in HDL |
| Meta-analysis | |||
| Atherosclerosis and CAD | |||
| Moludi et al.58 | Weight loss diet along with probiotics supplementation LGG | Individuals with CVD | Improved endotoxemia, by reducing the LPS and TMAO levels. Also improved microbiota profile |
| Kawase et al.36 | L. casei TMC0409 and S. thermophilus TMC1543 | Rodents | Significant decrease in the atherogenic index |
| Chen et al.89 | L.acidophilus | ApoE−/- mice | Decrease in Atherosclerotic burden |
| Chronic Heart failure | |||
| Contstanza et al.90 | Probiotics of S. boulardii | Patients with NYHA II and III, CHF and EF <50% | Improvement in ventricular function |
| RCT | Decrease in inflammatory biomarkers | ||
| Uremic toxins | |||
| Ranganathan et al.91 | S. thermophilus, L. acidophilus, and B. longum | Patients with CKD | Reduction in BUN |
| de Preter et al.92 | Oligofructose-enriched inulin | Healthy individuals | Decrease in p-cresol |
BP: Blood pressure; BMI: Body mass index; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CHF: Congestive heart failure; CKD: Chronic kidney disease CVD: Cardiovascular disease; EF: Ejection fraction; FMT: Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HDL: High-density lipoproteins; LDL: Low-density lipoproteins; LGG: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; MS: Metabolic syndrome; NHYA: New York Heart Association; RCT: Randomized clinical trial.; SCFA: Short chain fatty acids; TAMO: Trimethylamine N-oxide.