TABLE 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the three study groups

Demographic/Clinical data	PD (n = 96)	MSA (n = 33)	HC (n = 40)	F/χ2,p
Age, year	62.46 ± 13.31	59.31 ± 8.94	60.78 ± 15.78	0.53, p = .58
M/F	52/44	15/18	17/23	1.554, p = .46
Disease duration, months	62.03 ± 6.84	24 (6,36)	‐	3.10, p = .08
Hoehn & Yahr stage	(1 ~ 1.5) 40	‐	‐
	(2 ~ 2.5) 49
	(3 ~ 4) 7
UPDRS (III)	17 (9,29)
MMSE	26.9 ± 3.43 (20,30)	23.50 ± 4.20 (18,30) *	28.5 ± 2.34	3.30, * p < .001

Abbreviations: F, female; HC, healthy controls; M, male; MMSE, Minimum Mental State Examination; MSA, multiple system atrophy; PD, Parkinson's disease; UPDRS, the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale.

^* p .05