Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristic of participants by utilization of PNC in Indonesia (n=13,901).

Characteristic	Utilization of PNC				X 2	p-value
	No		Yes
	n	%	n	%
The geographic factors
Indonesia
Western Indonesia	3265	29.1	7946	70.9	41.45 ***	0.00
Central Indonesia	611	26.5	1693	73.5
Eastern Indonesia	164	42.4	222	57.6
Region
Sumatera	1056	34.3	2027	65.7	116.36 ***	0.00
Java	2028	26.3	5691	73.7
Bali & Nusa Tenggara	232	26.5	642	73.5
Kalimantan	291	33.5	578	66.5
Sulawesi	270	27.8	701	72.2
Maluku & Papua	164	42.4	222	57.6
Place of residence
Rural	2051	28.6	5116	71.4	1.45	0.49
Urban	1989	29.5	4745	70.5
Socioeconomic factors
Wealth quintile
Poorest	928	34.6	1757	65.4	58.56 ***	0.00
Poorer	827	29.5	1980	70.5
Middle	781	26.9	2127	73.1
Richer	753	26.3	2109	73.7
Richest	751	28.4	1888	71.6
Health insurance
No	1713	29.8	4026	70.2	3.00	0.19
Yes	2326	28.5	5835	71.5
Access to the health facility
Difficult	555	36.0	985	64.0	41.46 ***	0.00
Not	3485	28.2	8877	71.8
Child’s factors
Age of child (in month)
Less than one month	1007	33.0	2045	67.0	58.13 ***	0.00
One month	938	29.9	2198	70.1
Two months	840	30.0	1956	70.0
Three months	631	24.7	1929	75.3
Four months	623	26.4	1733	73.6
Sex of child
Male	2118	29.9	4963	70.1	5.11	0.06
Female	1922	28.2	4898	71.8
Birth rank
First child	1251	27.1	3368	72.9	41.25 ***	0.00
Second	1400	28.7	3469	71.3
Third	761	29.0	1864	71.0
Fourth and more	628	35.1	1160	64.9
Mother’s factors
Age of mother in year
15–24	796	30.6	1808	69.4	6.26	0.52
25–29	1032	29.2	2502	70.8
30–34	995	27.7	2594	72.3
35–39	808	29.0	1975	71.0
40–44	336	29.3	809	70.7
45–49	73	29.5	174	70.5
Mother’s level of education
No education	63	50.0	63	50.0	55.19 ***	0.00
Primary	1117	31.2	2458	68.8
Secondary	2357	28.9	5803	71.1
Higher	503	24.6	1537	75.4
Mother’s occupation
Working	1917	27.2	5136	72.8	24.97 ***	0.0001
Not working	2123	31.0	4725	69.0
Spouse’s factor
Age of spouse in year
11–20	44	45.8	52	54.2	23.83 **	0.0068
21–30	1164	29.6	2772	70.4
31–40	1901	28.2	4843	71.8
41–50	817	29.2	1985	70.8
51–60	106	35.7	192	64.3
61–70	8	33.8	15	66.2
71–80	0	0.0	2	100.0
Spouse’s level of education
No education	51	37.0	86	63.0	39.21 ***	0.0001
Primary	1254	32.5	2610	67.5
Secondary	2255	28.0	5803	72.0
Higher	479	26.0	1362	74.0
Spouse’s occupation
Working	4016	29.1	9799	70.9	0.15	0.72
Not working	23	27.2	63	72.8

*p<0.05; **p<0.01;***p<0.001